Halophytes are the category of plants growing under harsh conditions of super-salinity, and are wide-spread in the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions and desert oasis. They are adept at surviving through maintaining excessive production of enzymatic, and non-enzymatic secondary metabolites, especially phenolics and flavonoids that primarily work as anti-oxidants and phytoalexins. Five major halophyte species growing in the kingdom’s Qassim’s high-salted desert regions were investigated for confirming their traditionally used biological activity of sugar-control and anti-infectious properties. In this context, the comparative presence of phenolics, and flavonoids together with anti-microbial, anti-oxidants, and the anti-diabetic potentials of the plants’ extracts were investigated through the α-amylase inhibition method. The highest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola imbricata (360 mg/g of the extract as Gallic-Acid-Equivalents/GAE, and 70.5 mg/g of the extract as Rutin-Equivalents/RE). In contrast, the lowest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola cyclophylla (126.6 mg/g GAE, and 20.5 mg/g RE). The halophytes were found rich in trace elements, a factor for water-retention in high-salinity plants, wherein iron and zinc elements were found comparatively in higher concentrations in Aeluropus lagopoides (4113 µg/kg, and 40.1 µg/kg, respectively), while the copper was detected in higher concentration (11.1 µg/kg) in S. imbricata, analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) analysis. The anti-oxidant potentials and α-amylase enzyme inhibition-based anti-diabetic activity of S. imbricata was significantly higher than the other halophytes under study, wherein S. cyclophylla exhibited the lowest level of α-amylase inhibition. The maximum DPPH radicals’ (52.47 mg/mL), and α-amylase inhibitions (IC50 22.98 µg/mL) were detected in A.lagopoides. The anti-microbial activity against the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was strongly exhibited by Zygophyllum simplex (33 mm Inhibition Zone-Diameter, 50 µg/mL Minimum-Inhibitory-Concentration), while Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans growths were moderately inhibited by Tamarix aphylla. The current findings exhibited significant differences among the locally distributed halophytic plants species with regards to their bioactivity levels, anti-oxidant potentials, and the presence of trace elements. The ongoing data corroborated the plants’ traditional uses in infections and diabetic conditions. The enhanced local distribution of the plants’ diaspora and higher density of occurrence of these plants species in this region, in comparison to their normal climatic condition’s counterparts, seemed to be affected by humans’ use of the species as part of the traditional and alternative medicine over a period of long time.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5457/pdf

Anti-Microbial, Anti-Oxidant, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Traditionally-Used Medicinal Herbs: A Comparative Analyses of Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents of Regional Halophytic Plants' Diaspora.

The genus Salsola L. (Russian thistle, Saltwort) includes halophyte plants and is considered one of the largest genera in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus involves annual semi-dwarf to dwarf shrubs and woody tree. The genus Salsola is frequently overlooked, and few people are aware of its significance. The majority of studies focus on pollen morphology and species identification. Salsola has had little research on its phytochemical makeup or biological effects. Therefore, we present this review to cover all aspects of genus Salsola, including taxonomy, distribution, differences in the chemical constituents and representative examples of isolated compounds produced by various species of genus Salsola and in relation to their several reported biological activities for use in folk medicine worldwide.

/pdf/genus-salsola-chemistry-biological-activities-and-future-m3bkvcp5.pdf

Genus Salsola: Chemistry, Biological Activities and Future Prospective—A Review

Background: Salsola imbricata Forssk. is a shrub widely growing in Egypt, used as a camel food, traditionally, used as anti-inflammatory agent. Literature survey showed no report about the anti-inflammatory activity of S. imbricata. Aim of the Study: This work was designed to study the phenolic constituents and to provide evidence for the traditional use of S. imbricata as an anti-inflammatory agent. Materials and Methods: The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the total aqueous methanol extract and some isolated compounds were investigated in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells using nitric oxide assay. All chemical structures were identified on the basis of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance. Results: Nine phenolic compounds, among them two new natural products; isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronyl (1'''→4'') glucuronide (1) and its dimethyl ester; isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-di glucuronate dimethyl ester (2), two isorhamnetin glycosides: Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), and isorhamnetin (5). In addition, an alkaloidal phenolic; trans N-feruloyl tyramine (6), three phenolic acids: Isovanillic acid (7), ferulic acid (8), and p-hydroxy benzoic acid (9) were isolated from salsola imbricata leaves. All compounds were isolated and identified for the first time from this plant except compound (6). The extract and the tested compounds showed distintict anti-inflammatory activities with no toxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Conclusion: The extract and the tested compounds showed distintict anti-inflammatory activities with no toxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

New Isorhamnetin Derivatives from Salsola imbricata Forssk. Leaves with Distinct Anti-inflammatory Activity.

Sporormiellin A (1), the first tetrahydrofuran-fused furochromone with an unprecedented tetracyclic skeleton, has been obtained from the fungal strain Sporormiella minima. The structure with absolute configuration was elucidated by NMR data, X-ray crystallography, and quantum chemical ECD calculations.

Sporormiellin A, the first tetrahydrofuran-fused furochromone with an unprecedented tetracyclic skeleton from Sporormiella minima

New antioxidant bibenzyl derivative and isoflavonoid from the Tunisian Salsola tetrandra Folsk.

Chromatographic analysis of the alcoholic extract from Salsola imbricata yielded two new secondary metabolites, salisomide (1) and salisoflavan (2). Their structures were established with the help of spectroscopic techniques including COSY, HMQC and HMBC NMR experiments.

Structure determination of salisomide and salisoflavan, two new secondary metabolites from Salsola imbricata, by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Aervins A-D (1-4), four new coumaronochromone analogues have been isolated from the CHCl3-soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the whole plant of Aerva persica. Their structures were assigned based on 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra, DEPT, and by 2DNMR experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Structure determination of Aervins A‐D, new coumaronochromone analogues from Aerva persica, by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy

Two steroids glycosides solamargine (1) and dioscine (2) were isolated from methanolic extract of Solanum surattense and evaluated for their anticancer activity. The structure of the isolated compounds was identified through 1D and 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and in comparison, with the literature values of their spectroscopic data. Both compounds showed the excellent anticancer activity against NIH-3T3 fibroblast cancer cell line with IC50 value of 7.55±1.5 and 3.3±1.9μg/ml respectively which were comparable with control Cyclohexamide which showed the IC50 value of 0.8± 0.2 μg/ml. A R T I C L E H I S T O R Y Received: October 15, 2019 Accepted: January 13, 2020

Anticancer agents from Solanum Surattense

Anti-urease secondary metabolites from Seriphidium quettense.

Here we report the isolation and structure elucidation of a new phytotoxic neo-clerodane diterpenoid, royleanumin (1), along with known constituents, ursolic acid and beta-amyrin. Its structure was deduced by spectral studies including NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometric techniques and by the comparison with reported data. The compound was assayed for its phytotoxicity against lettuce seedlings. Royleanumin (1) exhibit strong activity and can be proposed as lead chemical for the development of a new environmentally friendly herbicide.

Royleanumin, a new phytotoxic neo-clarodane diterpenoid from Teucrium royleanum

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