Sulfur- and nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (S,N-CQDs) were synthesized using feijoa leaves as a green precursor via a novel route. Spectroscopic and microscopic methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the synthesized materials. The blue emissive S,N-CQDs were applied for qualitative and quantitative determination of levodopa (L-DOPA) in aqueous environmental and real samples. Human blood serum and urine were used as real samples with good recovery of 98.4–104.6 and 97.3–104.3%, respectively. A smartphone-based fluorimeter device was employed as a novel and user-friendly self-product device for pictorial determination of L-DOPA. Bacterial cellulose nanopaper (BC) was used as a substrate for S,N-CQDs to make an optical nanopaper-based sensor for L-DOPA determination. The S,N-CQDs demonstrated good selectivity and sensitivity. The interaction of L-DOPA with the functional groups of the S,N-CQDs via the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism quenched the fluorescence of S,N-CQDs. The PET process was studied using fluorescence lifetime decay, which confirmed the dynamic quenching of S,N-CQD fluorescence. The limit of detection (LOD) of S,N-CQDs in aqueous solution and the nanopaper-based sensor was 0.45 μM in the concentration range of 1–50 μM and 31.05 μM in the concentration range of 1–250 μM, respectively.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.3c01795

Green Synthesis of Sulfur- and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Determination of L-DOPA Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy and a Smartphone-Based Fluorimeter

Over the past decade, the emergence of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) has broadened the repertoire of preclinical models and progressively revolutionized three-dimensional cell culture in oncology. PDTO can be grown from patient tumor samples with high efficiency and faithfully recapitulates the histological and molecular characteristics of the original tumor. Therefore, PDTOs can serve as invaluable tools in oncology research, and their translation to clinical practice is exciting for the future of precision medicine in oncology. In this review, we provide an overview of methods for establishing PDTOs and their various applications in cancer research, starting with basic research and ending with the identification of new targets and preclinical validation of new anticancer compounds and precision medicine. Finally, we highlight the challenges associated with the clinical implementation of PDTO, such as its representativeness, success rate, assay speed, and lack of a tumor microenvironment. Technological developments and autologous cocultures of PDTOs and stromal cells are currently ongoing to meet these challenges and optimally exploit the full potential of these models. The use of PDTOs as standard tools in clinical oncology could lead to a new era of precision oncology in the coming decade. 

Patient-derived tumor organoids: a new avenue for preclinical research and precision medicine in oncology

Abstract Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, but its translation to the clinic has been hindered by the lack of cellular models to anticipate how tumor cells will respond to therapy. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are thought to more accurately recapitulate key features of primary tumors than two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Heterotypic 3D tumor spheroids, composed of multiple cell types, have become more popular than homotypic spheroids, which consist of a single cell type, as a superior model for mimicking in vivo tumor heterogeneity and physiology. The stromal interactions demonstrated in heterotypic 3D tumor spheroids can affect various aspects, including response to therapy, cancer progression, nanomedicine penetration, and drug resistance. Accordingly, to design more effective anticancer nanomedicinal therapeutics, not only tumor cells but also stromal cells (e.g., fibroblasts and immune cells) should be considered to create a more physiologically relevant in vivo microenvironment. This review aims to demonstrate current knowledge of heterotypic 3D tumor spheroids in cancer research, to illustrate current advances in utilizing these tumor models as a novel and versatile platform for in vitro evaluation of nanomedicine-based therapeutics in cancer research, and to discuss challenges, guidelines, and future directions in this field. Graphical Abstract 

Heterotypic tumor spheroids: a platform for nanomedicine evaluation

The lightweight, low-density, and low-cost natural polymers like cellulose, chitosan, and silk have good chemical and biodegradable properties due to their individually unique structural and functional elements. However, the mechanical properties of these polymers differ from each other. In this scenario, chitosan lacks good mechanical properties than cellulose and silk. The synthesis of nano natural polymer and reinforcement with suitable chemical compounds as the development of nanocomposite gives them promising multidisciplinary applications. Many kinds of research are already published with innovative bio-derived polymeric functional materials (Bd-PFM) applications. Most research interest is carried out on health concerns. Lots of attention has been paid to biomedical applications of Bd-PFM as biosensors. This review aims to provide a glimpse of the nanostructures Bd-PFM biosensors. 

/pdf/recent-advances-in-sustainable-nature-based-functional-egwyzw9f.pdf

Recent advances in sustainable nature-based functional materials for biomedical sensor technologies

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as the brightest nascent artifact to deliver antifungal drugs in drug delivery applications, health care, and pharmaceutical industries. Excellent physio‐chemical features such as huge surface area, tunable side wall, and microneedle‐like morphology make CNTs suitable for drug carriers. Chemical attachments (covalent and non‐covalent functionalization) result in the formation of functionalized CNTs (F‐CNTs) and CNT‐based hybrid materials (CNT‐HMs). These F‐CNTs and CNT‐HMs have substantial antifungal activity and also have the potential to immobilize antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B, nystatin, curcumin, etc. on the exterior or interior surface, securely transport to the target sites, permeate through bio‐barriers, and release these drugs in a controlled manner. As antifungal drug carriers, F‐CNT and CNT‐HMs exhibit more excellent antifungal activity than other conventional drug delivery systems and have the potency to invade biofilm to circumvent the multidrug resistance of fungal species. This review focuses on CNTs and CNT‐HMs for antifungal drug delivery, including their functionalization methods, drug loading approaches, drug release mechanism, cellular internalization, delivery efficiency, and cellular toxicities with their workaround. 

Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Materials: Efficient and Pertinent Platforms for Antifungal Drug Delivery

Before in vivo studies: In vitro screening of sphingomyelin nanosystems using a relevant 3D multicellular pancreatic tumor spheroid model.

Background Despite the significant advances in the management of advanced prostate cancer (PCa), metastatic PCa is currently considered incurable. For further investigations in precision treatment, the development of preclinical models representing the complex prostate tumor heterogeneity are mandatory. Accordingly, we aimed to establish a resource of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models that exemplify each phase of this multistage disease for accurate and rapid evaluation of candidate therapies. Methods Fresh tumor samples along with normal corresponding tissues were obtained directly from patients at surgery. To ensure that the established models reproduce the main features of patient’s tumor, both PDX tumors at multiple passages and patient’s primary tumors, were processed for histological characteristics. STR profile analyses were also performed to confirm patient identity. Finally, the responses of the PDX models to androgen deprivation, PARP inhibitors and chemotherapy were also evaluated. Results In this study, we described the development and characterization of 5 new PDX models of PCa. Within this collection, hormone-naïve, androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant (CRPC) primary tumors as well as prostate carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation (CRPC-NE) were represented. Interestingly, the comprehensive genomic characterization of the models identified recurrent cancer driver alterations in androgen signaling, DNA repair and PI3K, among others. Results were supported by expression patterns highlighting new potential targets among gene drivers and the metabolic pathway. In addition, in vivo results showed heterogeneity of response to androgen deprivation and chemotherapy, like the responses of patients to these treatments. Importantly, the neuroendocrine model has been shown to be responsive to PARP inhibitor. Conclusion We have developed a biobank of 5 PDX models from hormone-naïve, androgen-sensitive to CRPC primary tumors and CRPC-NE. Increased copy-number alterations and accumulation of mutations within cancer driver genes as well as the metabolism shift are consistent with the increased resistance mechanisms to treatment. The pharmacological characterization suggested that the CRPC-NE could benefit from the PARP inhibitor treatment. Given the difficulties in developing such models, this relevant panel of PDX models of PCa will provide the scientific community with an additional resource for the further development of PDAC research.

/pdf/a-new-tumorgraft-panel-to-accelerate-precision-medicine-in-3h1ehi7a.pdf

A new tumorgraft panel to accelerate precision medicine in prostate cancer

Multicellular tumor spheroid model to study the multifaceted role of tumor-associated macrophages in PDAC

/pdf/fabrication-of-high-aspect-ratio-microfluidic-devices-for-20ay3gni.pdf

Fabrication of high aspect ratio microfluidic devices for long term in vitro culture of 3D tumor models

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Before in vivo studies: In vitro screening of sphingomyelin nanosystems using a relevant 3D multicellular pancreatic tumor spheroid model.

A new tumorgraft panel to accelerate precision medicine in prostate cancer

Multicellular tumor spheroid model to study the multifaceted role of tumor-associated macrophages in PDAC

Fabrication of high aspect ratio microfluidic devices for long term in vitro culture of 3D tumor models