A ratiometric electrochemical sensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with quinazoline-engineered ZnFe Prussian blue analogue (PBA-qnz) was developed for the determination of herbicide butralin. The PBA-qnz was synthesized by mixing an excess aqueous solution of zinc chloride with an aqueous solution of precursor sodium pentacyanido(quinazoline)ferrate. The PBA-qnz was characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The stable signal of PBA-qnz at +0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl, referring to the reduction of iron ions, was used as an internal reference for the ratiometric sensor, which minimized deviations among multiple assays and improved the precision of the method. Furthermore, the PBA-qnz-based sensor provided higher current responses for butralin compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. The calibration plot for butralin was obtained by square wave voltammetry in the range of 0.5 to 30.0 µmol L−1, with a limit of detection of 0.17 µmol L−1. The ratiometric sensor showed excellent precision and accuracy and was applied to determine butralin in lettuce and potato samples.

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Ratiometric Electrochemical Sensor for Butralin Determination Using a Quinazoline-Engineered Prussian Blue Analogue

A Zn-based metal coordination cluster Zn5 used for solid phase microextraction of ten phenolic compounds from water and soil.

Defective porous urchin-like ZnO/NiO microspheres-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber for analysis of trace polychlorinated biphenyls in milk

The pursuit of green analytical chemistry has led to the exploration of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green solvents in sample preparation processes. DESs, formed by hydrogen bond donor and acceptor components, exhibit unique properties such as low toxicity, biodegradability, and designable structures that make them ideal for extraction technologies. However, no comprehensive assessment of the utilization of DES-based magnetic nanofluid for analytical sample pretreatment has been performed. This review summarized the preparation methods of DES-based magnetic nanofluids and their application in various microextraction technologies, including vortex-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, dispersive, and microfluidic device-based approaches, highlighting their role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of analytical methods. The paper underscored the importance of the stability of magnetic nanofluids in sample pretreatment and the advantages of using DESs, such as reduced organic solvent usage and compatibility with green chemistry principles. Key findings from recent research on the application of DES-based magnetic nanofluids in microextraction were presented, demonstrating their high extraction recoveries, low detection limits, and applicability to a wide range of analytes and matrices. The outlook suggests potential directions for future research, including the refinement of DES-based magnetic nanofluids for improved performance in analytical sample preparation. This review provides a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in the field of analytical chemistry, showcasing the potential of DES-based magnetic nanofluids as a sustainable and efficient tool for sample preparation and microextraction. 

The application of deep eutectic solvent-based magnetic nanofluid in analytical sample preparation

Urchin-shaped hollow H-ZIF-8@Zn-MOF-74 metal-organic framework for efficient adsorption and detection organic nitrogen pesticides in different tea and waste water

Facile Fabrication of a Novel Spme Fiber Based on Silicone Sealant/Hollow Zno@Ceo2 Composite with Super-Hydrophobicity for the Enhanced Capture of Pesticides in Water

Sample pretreatment technology plays a vital role in the analysis of complex samples and is key to the entire analytical process. Its main purpose is to separate the substance to be measured from the sample matrix or interfering substances in the sample and to achieve a state in which the instrument can be analyzed and detected. Traditional sample pretreatment techniques include liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-solid extraction, precipitation separation, solvent volatilization-rotary evaporation, filtration, and centrifugation. However, the applications of these methods are limited by their low extraction efficiency, complicated operation, long time consumption, unstable recovery, use of large amounts of organic solvents, and large error rates. Several new sample pretreatment techniques, including solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and dispersive solid-phase extraction, have been developed and rapidly applied to various fields to overcome the shortcomings of traditional sample pretreatment methods. However, the development of adsorbent materials with high selectivity and enrichment capability remains a challenge in sample pretreatment technology, in which adsorbents with excellent adsorption performance are crucial. In recent years, various nanomaterials with remarkable properties have been introduced and applied to sample pretreatment, and numerous nano-extraction materials with diverse functions and high selectivity and enrichment capability have been developed. Hollow nanomaterials are nanoparticles with large voids in their solid shells. Owing to their advantageous properties, which include a large effective surface area, abundant internal space, low density, variety of preparation methods, structural and functional tailorability, short mass transmission path, and high carrying capacity, hollow nanomaterials show great application potential in sample pretreatment. The extraction mechanism of these materials is based on the synergistic effects of π-π stacking, electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions to achieve the efficient separation and enrichment of the target analytes. Given their noteworthy physicochemical properties, hollow nanomaterials have gained wide attention in various research fields and are considered a research frontier in the field of materials science. Changing the structure or surface properties of the core and shell can lead to various hollow nanomaterials with unique properties. Such changes can create synergy between the physicochemical properties and structural function of the original core-shell material, leading to novel materials with superior performance compared with the starting materials and broad application prospects in sample pretreatment. Nevertheless, only a few hollow nanomaterials with diverse structures and functions are currently used for sample pretreatment, and their adsorption capacity for target analytes is often unsatisfactory. Consequently, enhancing the adsorption selectivity of these materials toward various analytes is the most important step in sample pretreatment. First, hollow nanomaterials with a large specific surface area and suitable pore size can be designed to achieve the specific adsorption of target analytes of varying sizes. The combination of hollow nanomaterials with other materials presenting desirable adsorption properties could also lead to synergistic effects and enhance the performance of composite hollow nanomaterials. In addition, more green methods to prepare hollow nanomaterials with outstanding selectivity can be explored to achieve the superior adsorption of a specific target analyte. Efforts to synthesize hollow nanomaterials have been met with great success, but the available synthesis methods still suffer from complicated steps, high costs, relatively harsh conditions, and the use of highly toxic substances. This paper summarizes the main types of hollow nanomaterials, their synthesis methods, and research progress on sample pretreatment technologies (solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, and dispersive solid-phase extraction) and describes the challenges encountered in the synthesis of hollow nanomaterials. The applications and developments of hollow nanomaterials in sample pretreatment are also discussed.

[Progress in preparation of hollow nanomaterials and their application to sample pretreatment].

N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide/divinyl benzene based-highly cross-linked hybrid monolithic column: Production and its applications for powerful capture of four chlorophenols.

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Facile Fabrication of a Novel Spme Fiber Based on Silicone Sealant/Hollow Zno@Ceo2 Composite with Super-Hydrophobicity for the Enhanced Capture of Pesticides in Water

[Progress in preparation of hollow nanomaterials and their application to sample pretreatment].

N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide/divinyl benzene based-highly cross-linked hybrid monolithic column: Production and its applications for powerful capture of four chlorophenols.