Photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation have emerged as promising strategies to remedy the existing environmental and energy crises. However, grafting of expensive and less abundant noble-metal cocatalysts on photocatalyst materials is a mandatory practice to achieve enhanced photocatalytic performance owing to the ability of the cocatalysts to extract electrons efficiently from the photocatalyst and enable rapid/enhanced catalytic reaction. Hence, developing highly efficient, inexpensive, and noble-metal-free cocatalysts composed of earth-abundant elements is considered as a noteworthy step toward considering photocatalysis as a more economical strategy. Recently, MXenes (two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) have shown huge potential as alternatives for noble-metal cocatalysts. MXenes have several excellent properties, including atomically thin 2D morphology, metallic electrical conductivity, hydrophilic surface, and high specific surface area. In addition, they exhibit Gibbs free energy of intermediate H atom adsorption as close to zero and less than that of a commercial Pt-based cocatalyst, a Fermi level position above the H2 generation potential, and an excellent ability to capture and activate CO2 molecules. Therefore, there is a growing interest in MXene-based photocatalyst materials for various photocatalytic events. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the synthesis of MXenes with 2D and 0D morphologies, the stability of MXenes, and MXene-based photocatalysts for H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation. The existing challenges and the possible future directions to enhance the photocatalytic performance of MXene-based photocatalysts are also discussed.

A Review on MXene Synthesis, Stability, and Photocatalytic Applications.

Emerging pollutants (EP) are the group of contaminants newly detected in aquatic environments around the globe. Conventional water purification systems are less efficient in removing these pollutants; therefore, innovative, and eco-friendly technologies are needed. Recently, semiconductor-supported photocatalysis has attracted attention in environmental remediation for removing EP’s owing to their unique characteristics of low-cost, higher thermal and mechanical stability, and excellent pollutant removal efficiency. The charge separation and effective light absorption, particularly in the visible region, are two essential characteristics in photocatalyst which are hard to achieve. Several approaches have been adopted to enhance the charge separation and light-absorption ability in the visible range, including elemental-doping, morphology-engineering, and composite photocatalyst formation. This review concisely discusses the several recently discovered EP’s, their fate and transport properties, as well as recent progress in the design and development of visible light-responsive photocatalysts for degradation of EP’s. Furthermore, synthesis methods, key features such as optical properties, energy-bandgap structure, crystallinity, and surface features are emphasized in this review. The influencing process parameters, reusability, and stability of photocatalyst are also outlined. Finally, the summary and future perspectives for designing a sustainable photocatalysis system are presented.

Emerging pollutants and their removal using visible-light responsive photocatalysis – A comprehensive review

MAX phases and MXenes are important materials that have recently gained great popularity due to their special properties, which render them particularly useful in many applications, including catalytic ones. This can be seen in the large number of publications that appear annually on these materials and their applications. This review aims to evaluate MAX phases and MXenes as materials for heterogeneous, non-electrocatalytic, catalytic applications. The review begins with a brief introduction to the MAX phase and MXene properties that recommend them as potential materials for heterogeneous catalytic applications, followed by four sections grouped according to the processes in which they have already proven effective. These include supports to activate the C–H or C–O bonds in applications such as dehydrogenation of light or aromatic alkanes, methanol formation from CH4, dry reforming, and CO oxidation or the water gas shift reaction (Section 2), and their use in fine chemical reactions (Section 3) and in chemical degradation (Section 4). The last section deals with photocatalytic applications (Section 5). The review ends by highlighting the huge potential of these materials for a wide range of heterogeneous catalytic applications as well as the challenges ahead.

/pdf/applications-of-max-phases-and-mxenes-as-catalysts-37eujgszc1.pdf

Applications of MAX phases and MXenes as catalysts

MXene terminating groups =O, –F or –OH, –F or =O, –OH, –F, or =O, –OH, –Cl?

Role of Ti3C2 MXene as Prominent Schottky Barriers in Driving Hydrogen Production through Photoinduced Water Splitting: A Comprehensive Review

MXenes are two-dimensional nanomaterials, which can be constructed from different elements. The rich interlayer groups, surface groups, and the flexible layer spacing of MXenes make them ideal catalysts. Among these, Ti3C2Tx has gained particular attention as a photocatalyst for photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR), hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), and photocatalytic degradation reactions. The structure of Ti3C2Tx, hydrophilic surface functional groups, and the Gibbs free energy for hydrogen adsorption lead to the excellent photocatalytic HER performance of this material. Numerous surface defects on Ti3C2Tx also provide plentiful CO2 adsorption sites for CO2RR. It is the structure of two-dimensional nanomaterials and their high-speed electron transport channels that enable their excellent catalytic oxidation activity. However, at present, there are still challenges that limit their further application, the most significant of which is the material stability. In order to overcome this, the synthetic routes to prepare these photocatalysts need to be adapted.

/pdf/applications-of-mxene-ti3c2tx-in-photocatalysis-a-review-2eaq1k7ara.pdf

Applications of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) in photocatalysis: a review

As the most abundant renewable carbon resource, biomass conversion is highly desirable to replace fossil fuels, particularly when using clean and sustainable solar energy. Nevertheless, biomass conversion is highly challenging...

Peroxides-Mediated Selective Conversion of Biomass Polysaccharides over High Entropy Sulfides via Solar Energy Catalysis

Photocatalysis provides an exciting solution to the current growing energy challenge. However, the activity and stability of photocatalysts are two important issues in photocatalytic applications. In this work, we have successfully developed an efficient and stable photocatalyst by loading ReS2 nanoparticles onto a CdS/ZnS heterojunction. After loading ReS2, there is a strong interaction between the CdS/ZnS heterojunction and ReS2, which accelerates the photogenerated charge migration and effectively inhibits the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Accordingly, CdS/ZnS-ReS2 displays excellent photocatalytic activity and stability with the highest hydrogen production rate of 10 722 μmol g–1 h–1, which is approximately 178 times higher than that of the pure CdS and 5 times better than that of CdS/ZnS. This work not only facilitates solar energy conversion to improve photocatalytic activity and stability but also broadens the application of ReS2 as a cocatalyst.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c08110

ReS2 Cocatalyst Improves the Hydrogen Production Performance of the CdS/ZnS Photocatalyst

A review of advanced oxidation process towards organic pollutants and its potential application in fracturing flowback fluid

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Applications of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) in photocatalysis: a review

Peroxides-Mediated Selective Conversion of Biomass Polysaccharides over High Entropy Sulfides via Solar Energy Catalysis

ReS2 Cocatalyst Improves the Hydrogen Production Performance of the CdS/ZnS Photocatalyst

A review of advanced oxidation process towards organic pollutants and its potential application in fracturing flowback fluid