As a crucial branch for titanium industry, high-strength titanium alloys (HS-TAs, with UTS ≥ 1100 MPa) are indispensable structural materials for advanced engineering applications such as aerospace and marine fields. Along with the expansion of HS-TAs’ market, achieving satisfying synergies of high strength, high ductility (elongation ≥ 6%) and high toughness (KIC ≥ 50 MPa⋅m1/2) has been identified as the uppermost technical bottleneck for their research and development. To overcome the challenge, two primary strategies have been initiated by the titanium community, developing novel alloys and innovating processing technologies. For the former, a dozen of newly-developed alloys were reported to exhibit excellent strength-ductility-toughness combinations, including Ti-5553, BT22, TC21 and Ti-1300, for which the ideal mechanical performances were based on specific microstructures realized by low impurity rate (e.g. oxygen content ≤ 0.15 wt%), complicated processing and complex heat treatment. For the latter, several innovatory forging and heat treatment technologies were originated for the mature alloys to optimize their balanced property by extraordinary microstructural characteristics. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview over the research status, processing and heat treatment technologies, phase transformation, processing-microstructure-property correlation and strengthening-toughening mechanism of HS-TAs for aerospace engineering applications manufactured via melting-forging process. Finally, the prospects and recommendations for further investigation and development are proposed based on this review. 

High-strength titanium alloys for aerospace engineering applications: A review on melting-forging process

Strong yet ductile nanolamellar high-entropy alloys by additive manufacturing

Lightweight, ultrastrong and high thermal-stable eutectic high-entropy alloys for elevated-temperature applications

Designing structures with combined gradients of grain size and precipitation in high entropy alloys for simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility

A review on the dynamic-mechanical behaviors of high-entropy alloys

In human-made malleable materials, microdamage such as cracking usually limits material lifetime. Some biological composites, such as bone, have hierarchical microstructures that tolerate cracks but cannot withstand high elongation. We demonstrate a directionally solidified eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) that successfully reconciles crack tolerance and high elongation. The solidified alloy has a hierarchically organized herringbone structure that enables bionic-inspired hierarchical crack buffering. This effect guides stable, persistent crystallographic nucleation and growth of multiple microcracks in abundant poor-deformability microstructures. Hierarchical buffering by adjacent dynamic strain-hardened features helps the cracks to avoid catastrophic growth and percolation. Our self-buffering herringbone material yields an ultrahigh uniform tensile elongation (~50%), three times that of conventional nonbuffering EHEAs, without sacrificing strength.

Hierarchical crack buffering triples ductility in eutectic herringbone high-entropy alloys

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Hierarchical crack buffering triples ductility in eutectic herringbone high-entropy alloys