Background. Researchers question whether estrogen receptorα-negative (ERN) and -positive (ERP) represent different stages of one disease or different breast cancer types. 
Objective. To further examine ERα phenotypes, we stratified incident tumor characteristics in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database (n = 82,488) by ERN and ERP. 
Methods. Study variables included black–white race, age-at-diagnosis, and standard incident tumor characteristics. These characteristics were arbitrarily dichotomized into good versus poor prognostic factor groups, for example, good (tumor size ≤ 2.0 cm, negative axillary lymph nodes, and good histologic grade) versus poor (tumor size > 2.0 cm, positive nodes, and poor grade). Age frequency density plots were generated from the corresponding age-at-diagnosis frequency histograms. Average annual age-specific incidence rates (or risks) were adjusted to the 1970 United States standard female population. 
Results. Age frequency density plots demonstrated bimodal premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer populations. ERN was correlated with premenopausal disease, black race, and poor prognostic factor groups, whereas ERP was associated with postmenopausal disease, white race, and favorable tumor characteristics. ERN rates increased premenopausally and then flattened to a nearly constant level after 50 years of age. ERP risk rose for most of a woman's lifetime with the greatest risk occurring between 75 and 79 years. 
Conclusions. ERα exhibited bimodal age frequency distribution with a dichotomous pattern for age-specific rates, racial, and prognostic factor profiles. Menopause had a greater effect on ERN than ERP. Possible implications for breast carcinogenesis and cancer prevention are discussed in the text.

Estrogen receptor breast cancer phenotypes in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.

Prevention of invasive breast cancer in women with ductal carcinoma in situ: an update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project experience.

An attempt has been made to put forward a unifying hypothesis explaining the role hormones play in the genesis of mammary cancers of different phenotypes and genotypes in mice, rats, and humans. Most mammary cancers in these species originate in luminal mammary epithelial cells lining the mammary ducts and alveoli. These cancers are histopathologically diverse and are classified on the basis of growth requirements as hormone-dependent or hormone-independent tumors. In most strains of mice, mammary cancers at the time of detection are largely of the hormone-independent type; in rats, almost all mammary cancers are hormone-dependent, while humans have both phenotypes. In spite of these differences, in vivo studies show that hormones (ovarian and pituitary) are essential for luminal mammary epithelial cell proliferation and also for the development of mammary cancers of both hormone-independent and hormone-dependent types. This article, based on our extensive in vivo and in vivo studies and on current literature, proposes a model to explain the central role of hormones in the genesis of all types of mammary cancers. The model attempts to address the following questions: (i) how hormones regulate luminal mammary epithelial cell proliferation, (ii) why hormones are required for the genesis of mammary cancers of all phenotypes and genotypes, including those which are always classified as hormone-independent tumors, and (iii) why the three species (mouse, rat, and human) have consistently different ratios of hormone-dependent to hormone-independent tumors.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/92/9/3650.full.pdf

Hormones and mammary carcinogenesis in mice, rats, and humans: a unifying hypothesis.

The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a noninvasive form of breast cancer, has increased markedly in recent decades, and DCIS now accounts for approximately 20% of breast cancers diagnosed by mammography. Laboratory and patient data suggest that DCIS is a precursor lesion for invasive cancer. The appropriate classification of DCIS has provoked much debate; a number of classification systems have been developed, but there is a lack of uniformity in the diagnosis and prognostication of this disease. Further investigation of molecular markers should improve the classification of DCIS and our understanding of its relationship to invasive disease. Controversy also exists with regard to the optimal management of DCIS patients. In the past, mastectomy was the primary treatment for patients with DCIS, but as with invasive cancer, breast-conserving surgery has become the standard approach. Three randomized trials have reported a statistically significant decrease in the risk of recurrence with radiation therapy in combination with lumpectomy compared with lumpectomy alone, but there was no survival advantage with the addition of radiotherapy. Two randomized trials have suggested an additional benefit, in terms of recurrence, with the addition of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy, although in one trial the benefit was not statistically significant. Current data suggest that tamoxifen use should be restricted to patients with estrogen receptor-positive DCIS. Neither trial demonstrated a survival benefit with adjuvant tamoxifen. Ongoing and recently completed studies should provide information on outcomes in patients treated with lumpectomy alone and on the effectiveness of aromatase inhibitors as an alternative to tamoxifen.

/pdf/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-complexities-and-challenges-3xoesyip0v.pdf

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ , Complexities and Challenges

Purpose: The increasing incidence and biological heterogeneity of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast have made the management of this entity challenging and controversial. This paper rev...

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast

In contrast to the situation in invasive breast carcinoma, there are only few reports on the levels of receptors for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) in pre-invasive (in situ) breast carcinoma. In the present study ER and PgR levels were analyzed in 57 in situ human mammary carcinomas using a quatitative enzyme immunoassay method. Intraductal carcinoma was the dominating histopathological subgroup (75%). Within this subgroup the non-comedo and comedo variants comprised 66 and 34 percent respectively

Receptors for estrogen and progesterone in breast carcinoma in situ.

The nuclear DNA content of 46 mammary adenocarcinomas in situ was measured by means of image cytometry in 4-microns-thick Feulgen-stained histological sections. Aneuploidy was found in 23 cases (50%), whereas the other 23 cases exhibited a diploid DNA distribution pattern. Intraductal carcinoma, the most common subtype in the present study, was found to be aneuploid in 19 cases (63%), with the comedo variant showing aneuploidy in as many as 10 of 11 cases (91%). In contrast, lobular and papillary carcinoma in situ exhibited only 17% and 0% aneuploidy, respectively. The percentages of aneuploid and diploid DNA profiles of the in situ lesions in the present study are almost identical to those observed in invasive breast adenocarcinoma. This indicates that the DNA distribution pattern characteristic for an individual breast adenocarcinoma is already established at the in situ stage, i.e., it occurs before invasiveness and does not progress from a euploid to an aneuploid pattern. In clinical routines DNA ploidy measurements may be of help to distinguish between e.g., hyperplasias and in situ lesions and may also indicate in which direction the malignancy potential of in situ lesions will develop.

The DNA profile of breast cancer in situ.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

N. Wilking

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Receptors for estrogen and progesterone in breast carcinoma in situ.

The DNA profile of breast cancer in situ.