Earthquake-induced sliding displacements of earth structures are generally evaluated using simplified sliding block analyses that do not accurately model the seismic response of the sliding mass nor the seismic forces along the slide plane. The decoupled approximation introduced to capture each of these effects separately is generally believed to be conservative. However, recent studies using linear viscoelastic sliding mass models have revealed instances where the decoupled approximation is unconservative. In this paper, a coupled analytical model that captures simultaneously the fully nonlinear response of the sliding mass (necessary for intense motions) and the nonlinear stick-slip sliding response along the slide plane is presented. The proposed sliding model is validated against shaking table experiments of deformable soil columns sliding down an inclined plane. The effect of sliding on the response of earth structures is evaluated, and comparisons are made between sliding displacements calculated us...

Nonlinear coupled seismic sliding analysis of earth structures

Newmark sliding block analyses are widely used for estimation of permanent displacements of slopes in earthquakes. The conventional Newmark model, however, neglects the dynamic response of the material above a potential failure surface. Decoupled procedures have been developed to account for that response, but they neglect the effects of permanent displacements on the response. A modified Newmark analysis that considers the dynamic response, including the effects of permanent displacements, of the material above the failure surface is presented. The modified Newmark analysis shows that the decoupled approach produces somewhat conservative estimates of permanent displacements for stiff and/or shallow failure masses, but that it may produce unconservative estimates for failure masses that are soft and/or deep. Many slopes of large, lined landfills may fall into this latter category. The notion of a slope spectrum, which illustrates the effect of the natural period of a potential failure mass on permanent slope displacement, is also introduced.

Modified newmark model for seismic displacements of compliant slopes

A dynamic plane-strain finite-element study of the response of a typical 100-m-tall concrete-faced rockfill (CFR) dam to strong seismic shaking is presented. The rockfill is modeled as an equivalent-linear material, whose strain-dependent shear modulus is proportional to the square root of the confining pressure. Coulomb`s friction law governs the behavior of the interface between face slab and dam, and slippage is allowed to occur whenever the seismic shear tractions exceed the pertinent frictional capacity. Two sets of historic accelerograms, with peak ground accelerations (PGA) of about 0.40g and 0.60g, respectively, are used as excitation. Numerical results highlight key aspects of the seismic response of CFR dams with emphasis on the internal forces developing in the slab. It is shown that slab distress may be produced only from axial tensile forces, developing due mainly to the rocking component of dam deformation. For the 0.60g shaking tensile stresses that are much higher than the likely tensile strength of concrete develop in the slab. The presented results do not account for potentially detrimental three-dimensional (3D) narrow-canyon effects.

Dynamic response of concrete-faced rockfill dams to strong seismic excitation

The potential of a particular ground accelerogram to inflict damage to asymmetric strongly-inelastic systems is studied in the paper. An idealised analogue, the rigid block with frictional contact on an inclined base, is adopted as the generic representation of such systems. The inclined base (of (a sufficiently steep) angle) is shaken with numerous strong records bearing the effects of forward-directivity and/or fling-step. The accumulated slippage, D, of the block caused by each record is taken as the induced “damage” to the system. The relevance of a variety of ‘Intensity Measures’ of each accelerogram (ranging from PGA and PGV to Housner’s and Arias’ Intensities) in predicting this damage, is investigated statistically. It is shown that only a few of these ‘Intensity Measures’ are reasonably successful and their use could therefore be recommended, but only for statistical inference. A detailed deterministic analysis presented in the paper for one of these successful measures, Arias Intensity, reveals the unacceptably poor predictive power of this measure. Upper-bound curves of slippage provided in closed-form expressions, are an improvement over the state-of-practice Makdisi & Seed diagrams.

/pdf/damage-potential-of-near-fault-records-sliding-displacement-4xxd0a3jyh.pdf

Damage potential of near-fault records: sliding displacement against conventional “Intensity Measures”

Geotechnical Aspects of Seismic Hazards

A discussion of a paper with the aforementioned title by Gazetas and Uddin, published in this journal (Volume 120, Number 11, November 1994), is presented. Discusser Jansen states that in some embankments, a distinct preexisting slide surface like the authors' model may be difficult to detect and delineate because many dams undergo general deformation rather than well-defined displacement. Jansen offers the view that the complexity of seismic forces, as well as dam and foundation conditions at the time of an earthquake, cannot be represented precisely by numerical techniques, although they are necessary to assess potential behavior. Several sets of computations with varying parameters are advisable to cover the possible ranges of seismic loading and embankment and foundation response. No closure is offered by the authors.

Permanent deformation on preexisting sliding surfaces in dams. discussion

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Permanent deformation on preexisting sliding surfaces in dams. discussion