The supplementation with 50, 100 and 150μg/mL potassium chloride to the fifth instar larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori on fat body glycogen, protein, total lipids and haemolymph protein and trehalose were analyzed. The fat body glycogen and protein and haemolymph protein were increased significantly in all the treated groups; whereas fat body total lipids increased only in 100 and 150μg/mL and haemolymph trehalose increased only in 150μg/mL potassium chloride-treated groups when compared with those of the corresponding parameters of the carrier controls.

The biochemical effects of potassium chloride on the silkworm, （ Bombyx mori L.）

The present study was carried out to determine the influence of 2% aqueous honey (Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) on larval growth and silk cocoon yield of fifth-instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The larvae of silkworms (Chinese HUAKAND2) were divided into a control and an experimental groups (n = 20 in each group). Control group was fed with plain mulberry leaves throughout the fifth instar, whereas the experimental group was offered mulberry leaves dipped in 2% aqueous solution of honey every other day for 4 d (days 1, 3, 5, and 7). On the other days (days 2, 4, 6, and 8), plain mulberry leaves were offered to larvae. Results showed that the average weight gain in larvae of the experimental group was 348.23 and 204.54% in case of the control group. Uneaten mulberry leaves were weighed; the control group left 34.05% of their leaves and the treated group 28.54%. The cocoon formation in the honey-treated larvae was more uniform in shape than the control group. Furthermore, honey-treated larvae began to form cocoons 7.8 ± 0.23 h earlier than the control group. We also recorded an increase of 15.34% in average weight of cocoons of the experimental group when compared with the control. Average shell percentage of fresh silk cocoons of the control and experimental groups was 20.5 and 23.5%, respectively. It is concluded from the study that 2% aqueous honey has positive impact on the larval growth and cocoon yield of B. mori.

Effect of Honey (Apis dorsata [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) on Larval Growth and Silk Cocoon Yield of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).

The present study was taken-up with a view to clearly define the role of oxidative phosphorylation vis-a-vis transdeamination in Bombyx mori metamorphosis, under the influence of honey-enriched mulberry diet. Therefore, the study examined the accumulation and utilization patterns of carbohydrate (glycogen, trehalose, glucose) and non-carbohydrate energy reserves (proteins, amino acids) in its fat body during larval, pupal and adult stages. In accordance with Hutchinson’s investment principle, the energy reserves invested during larval stage are partly used in pupal stage and those invested during larval and pupal stages are used in adult stage. Their utilization patterns are correlated with the activity levels of succinate (SDH) and glutamate (GDH) dehydrogenases and aspartate (AAT) and alanine (ALAT) aminotransferases and changes thereof were interpreted in terms of glycolytic oxidative phosphorylation and non-glycolytic transdeamination.  The trends in mass incorporation rates vis-a-vis enzyme activities indicated that the metabolism-related energy needs of all metamorphic events are majorly met through a gluconeogenetic mechanism called transdeamination, while the behavioural-related energy demands of larval and pupal stages are fulfilled through glycolytic-based oxidative phosphorylation. The activity trends further indicated that AAT plays major role in meeting the energy needs of larva and pupa, while GDH predominantly meets the energy requirements of reproduction in adults. The honey-enriched mulberry diet showed stage-specific and pathway-specific impacts on energy metabolism. It positively reinforced the energy metabolism in larval stage, but showed no significant effect in pupal and adult stages. Similarly, it showed more promising effect on glycolytic-oxidative phosphorylation and null or neutral effect on transdeamination.

https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/download/2273/1878

Impact of honey-enriched mulberry diet on the energy metabolism of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

An experiment was undertaken to know the effect of different honey bee species (Apis cerana, A. florea, A. mellifera, A. dorsata and Trigona iridipennis) and protein sources (pollen, soya flour, red gram flour and horse gram flour) on the economic traits of silkworm Bombyx mori L. by using of different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6%). Among the different treatments, T. iridipennis honey at 5% showed better performance on the silkworm growth and its economic parameters viz., larval weight (3.44g), cocoon weight (1.59g), shell weight (0.372g) and shell ratio (23.46%) followed by soya flour and red gram flour. The supplementation of 5% soya flour showed highest silk filament length (1321.15m) which was found to be on par with T. iridipennis honey (1312.15m).

https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2020/vol8issue4/PartF/S-8-4-40-680.pdf

Effect of different honey and protein sources on economic characters of silkworm Bombyx mori L.

These experiments were carried out as an attempt to develop methods used in raising mulberry silkworms. 2 and 3% of three different types of plant extracts Nigella sativa, Allium sativum, and Moringa oleifera, as well as 50 and 100 grams of three different types of ground snail's powder Eobania vermiculata, Helicella vestalis, and Monacha cardusiana were added to the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori diet and tested for their influence on some of its biological characteristics. The results showed the following, 3% N. sativa in the worm's diet had the best effectiveness on all the tested traits. Also, 100 grams of different snail's powder showed an effective effect on all the tested biological characteristics of B. mori. When 3% of N. sativa was mixed with 100 g powder of the three different snails into food, this led to excellent results in measurements of all tested traits, especially in the case of the terrestrial snail E. vermiculata. An analysis was made of the most important nutrients that are found in the bodies of the tested ground snails, and the results showed that their bodies contain high levels of proteins, carbohydrates, and sugars as well as some important minerals Especially E. vermiculata and H. vestalis.

https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_120979_7d6109969258e607aa26397d1b82abed.pdf

A new Vision for Improving the Biological Properties of The Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx Mori Using the Powder of Three Different Types of Ground Snails and Plant Extracts

The impact of honey on the silkworm, Bombyx mori was demonstrated with reference to the larval growth, silk gland proteins and economic parameters of sericulture. The honey works well at a concentration of 2% in distilled water. At this concentration it promotes growth rates in the silkworm larvae during fifth instar development. It positively reinforces the day-to-day larval growth rate by 4.75 additional percentile points, silk gland growth rate by 4.45 additional percentile points and the gland-body ratio by additional 6.64 percentile points. It stimulates silk protein synthesis in all the three segments of the silk gland, viz., the anterior, middle and posterior parts. Under its influence, the silk gland protein profiles grew significantly by 14.85 additional percentile points in the anterior silk gland (ASG), minimally by 8.68 additional percentile points in the middle silk gland (MSG) and maximally by 15.17 additional percentile points in the posterior silk gland (MSG), compared to their control values. It also stimulates the core shell protein synthesis by 18% and retards floss protein synthesis by ~25% in the three segments of silk gland. In doing so, it contributes to sericulture industry by causing improvements in profit making economic traits such as gland-body ratio, cocoon weight, shell weight, raw silk weight, denier and renditta and by reducing the production of floss, which contributes to loss in the sericulture industry. Honey is suggested as a profitable supplementary diet forsilkworm.

https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/download/603/560

Larval growth, silk production and economic traits of Bombyx mori under the influence of honey-enriched mulberry diet

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Larval growth, silk production and economic traits of Bombyx mori under the influence of honey-enriched mulberry diet