Effects of fatty acids and vitamin E in larval diets on development and performance of Queensland fruit fly.

Two small-scale experiments were undertaken to evaluate the substitution of various inert substrates for wheat bran in the bulk larval diets of Mediterranean fruit fly. In the first experiment, the bran component was removed from the standard Seibersdorf diet and the remaining ingredients added to either diced high-density (HD) sponge, sheet HD sponge, diced low-density (LD) foam, sheet LD foam, moquette (synthetic) or woollen carpet. When the performance criteria for these treatments were compared against those for the standard Seibersdorf bran diet the pupal recovery levels were halved, the larval duration was extended by more than 2 days and the mean pupal size was reduced by ≥10%. Adult emergence and flight ability were unaffected. In the second experiment, yeast (YS) or bran-based (BS) starter diets were applied to finisher diets that contained various inert substrates instead of wheat bran. Pupal recoveries were similar for the YS applied to diced HD sponge (50.1%), BS applied to either diced HD sponge, sheet HD sponge and woollen carpet (60.6, 55.6 and 54.5%, respectively) and the standard Seibersdorf diet (59.7%). For all the other substrate treatments (sheet HD sponge, diced LD foam, fine synthetic grass, coarse synthetic grass and woollen carpet) to which yeast starters were applied pupal recovery levels were inferior (P 0.05) in the BS treatments (as above) (7.03, 7.58 and 7.46 days) and standard Seibersdorf diet (6.87 days), but was significantly longer for the YS applied to diced HD sponge (8.40 days) and for all the other treatments. The mean pupal size of flies produced from any treatment with an inert substrate was less (P < 0.05) than that of flies from the Seiberdorf standard diet, but generally remained within an acceptable size range for medfly. It is suggested that the inclusion of torula yeast and wheat germ in the yeast-based starter diet should enhance the performance of diced HD sponge as a bulking agent substitute, and that this needs further investigation at mass-rearing levels.

Inert reusable substrates as potential replacements for wheat bran in larval diets for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Dipt., Tephritidae)

Queensland fruit fly ('Q-fly'), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most destructive insect pest of horticultural crops in Australia. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has attracted significant interest for sustainable management of Q-fly through the mass rearing and release of sterile flies. Cost-effective diets are required to rear Q-flies for SIT. Wheat germ oil (WGO) is the main source of fatty acids and vitamins in gel larval diets that are used to rear Q-fly but is an expensive ingredient. With the aim of reducing WGO cost in gel larval diet, we assessed performance of Q-flies reared on diets that varied in WGO content. Q-fly larvae were reared on two diets that differed mainly in yeast composition ('gel diet 2006' and 'gel diet 2009') and contained 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.11, 0.15, or 1% WGO to identify reduced concentrations of WGO (and hence cost) without compromising productivity or quality. Diets containing WGO outperformed diets without WGO in development rate, pupal number, adult emergence, percentage of fliers, rate of fliers, and fecundity. Concentrations of 0.11% and above provided full benefit in gel diet 2006 (original formulation 0.15%), and concentrations of 0.15% (original formulation 1.0%) and above provided full benefit in gel diet 2009, and for both diets, a concentration-dependent decline in fly performance resulted from lower doses. Savings can be made in gel diets for mass rearing of Q-fly without compromising productivity by reducing WGO concentration.

Effects of Wheat Germ Oil Concentration in Gel Larval Diets on Production and Quality of Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A liquid larval diet and its rearing system have been developed for mass rearing of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Baking yeast, soy bran, soy proteins were used at different combinations for the formulation of liquid diet. Sugar, antimicrobial agent (sodium benzoate) and citric acid were also included in the diet. The quality parameters of flies reared on liquid larval diets i.e., pupal weight, pupal density, larval duration, percentage adult emergence, percentage fliers, percentage egg hatch, male-female ratios were comparatively better on modified liquid diet where baking yeast, soy bran and soy protein was used at 2:1:1 ratio. Low cost disposable plastic boxes and sponge cloths used as rearing tray and supporting substrate for larvae which reduce the rearing space and replace the need for the traditional bulking agents (wheat bran/mill feed) for mass production of B. dorsalis under laboratory condition. Benefits derived from liquid diet and its rearing system is discussed in relation to use of Sterile Insect Technique programmes of B. dorsalis.

DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID LARVAL DIET WITH MODIFIED REARING SYSTEM FOR Bactrocera dorsalis (HENDEL) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FOR THE APPLICATION OF STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE

A new sterile insect technique (SIT) program is currently being developed for management of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), the most costly challenge to Australian horticulture in the eastern states. SIT relies on cost-effective mass production of millions of high-quality flies. A recently developed gel larval diet has proven effective, enabling production of large numbers of high-quality flies, but includes some costly ingredients. With a basic diet now available, current research focuses on refining the formulation to deliver a more economical diet. Wheat germ oil (WGO) is the main lipid source in the current Queensland fruit fly gel diet, but is a particularly expensive ingredient and has limited availability. To identify an oil that maintains high productivity and fly quality at reduced cost, the present study assessed production and performance of Queensland fruit flies reared on gel larval diets containing the WGO that was used in previous studies (WGO/M), an alternative WGO (WGO/A), sunflower oil, rice bran oil, and canola oil. Diets containing canola oil ($5.24/liter) performed as well as diets with WGO/M ($116/liter) in terms of parental egg hatch, pupal number, pupal weight, adult emergence, percentage and rate of fliers, sex ratio, fecundity, and fertility (F1 egg hatch), offering a remarkably cost-effective alternative. Costs of oil in Queensland fruit fly production are reduced by ca. 95% per 1,000 flight capable adults (‘fliers’). Substantial savings may be made in Queensland fruit fly mass rearing by substituting WGO/M with canola oil in gel larval diets without compromising productivity.

Canola Oil as an Economical Lipid Source in Gel Larval Diet for Queensland Fruit Fly.

When powdered sugarcane bagasse was substituted for wheat shorts in the larval diet of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), satisfactory development of larvae (compared with the Hawaii standard diet) was obtained only when the yeast level was increased from 3–9% and when at least 3% wheat germ was added. Insufficient wheat germ caused decreasing of yields of pupae and eggs in each of 3 successive generations. Fecundity and fertility were increased by adding wheat germ oil to the enzymatic protein hydrolysate of yeast in the adult diet.

Rearing of Oriental Fruit Flies: a Need for Wheat Germ in Larval Diet Containing Bagasse, a Non-Nutritive Bulking Agent

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Rearing of Oriental Fruit Flies: a Need for Wheat Germ in Larval Diet Containing Bagasse, a Non-Nutritive Bulking Agent