The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive presentation and interpretation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and its numerical implementation. The EnKF has a large user group, and numerous publications have discussed applications and theoretical aspects of it. This paper reviews the important results from these studies and also presents new ideas and alternative interpretations which further explain the success of the EnKF. In addition to providing the theoretical framework needed for using the EnKF, there is also a focus on the algorithmic formulation and optimal numerical implementation. A program listing is given for some of the key subroutines. The paper also touches upon specific issues such as the use of nonlinear measurements, in situ profiles of temperature and salinity, and data which are available with high frequency in time. An ensemble based optimal interpolation (EnOI) scheme is presented as a cost-effective approach which may serve as an alternative to the EnKF in some applications. A fairly extensive discussion is devoted to the use of time correlated model errors and the estimation of model bias.

The Ensemble Kalman Filter: Theoretical formulation and practical implementation

This paper provides a concise review of the remote sensing of ocean fronts in marine ecology and fisheries, with a particular focus on the most popular front detection algorithms and techniques, including those proposed by Canny, Cayula and Cornillon, Miller, Shimada et al., Belkin and O’Reilly, and Nieto et al.. A case is made for a feature-based approach that emphasizes fronts as major structural and circulation features of the ocean realm that play key roles in various aspects of marine ecology.

Remote Sensing of Ocean Fronts in Marine Ecology and Fisheries

Authors gratefully acknowledge the comments and suggestions made by Dr.Satish Shetye and Prof. B. N. Goswami, cochairs of the Project Monitoring Committee (PMC) of the HOOFS project during 2012–17 and other members of the PMC, which led to the successful implementation of this project. Authors also gratefully acknowledge Dr. M. Rajeevan, Secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Dr. Shailesh Naik, former Secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences and program officers of the Ministry of Earth Sciences for their continued support to implement this project at INCOIS. Financial support from MoES to implement the HOOFS
and O-MASCOT projects are gratefully acknowledged. Support from the HPC support team, both at IITM Pune and NCMRWF Noida and the support of the computer and IT team of INCOIS were critical for the successful implementation of the project. Authors thank developers of ROMS for making the model publicly available. Arya Paul and Siva Reddy gratefully acknowledge the training on LETKF by Eugenia Kalnay, Travis Sluka, and Steve Penny at the University of Maryland under the Monsoon Mission-I project. The SST in INCOIS-GODAS is relaxed to Optimum Interpolation SST provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (OISST; www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.highres.html). Authors thank three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and comments, which helped to improve the paper. This is INCOIS contribution No. 376.

/pdf/high-resolution-operational-ocean-forecast-and-reanalysis-379yma8gxh.pdf

High-Resolution Operational Ocean Forecast and Reanalysis System for the Indian Ocean

Fishing and Overfishing-Sustainable Harvest of the Sea

This study intended to demonstrate the capability of the regional ocean model system (ROMS) in reproducing the Arabian Sea’s hydrographic properties (AS). The effect of the horizontal resolution is also explored. The ROMS is integrated over Arabian Sea (AS) for 10 years, encompassing 30 E–80 E and 5 N–30 N at two distinct horizontal resolutions of 1/6 (17 km) and 1/4 (25 km). The results obtained from both simulations show reasonable resemblances to observation and reanalysis in reproducing the spatiotemporal distribution of surface as well as subsurface hydrographic properties such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface currents, and subsurface temperature and salinity. The study shows that the variability is governed by annual and seasonal high-resolution setup, which shows better performance for both seasons. The latitude depth plot at 70° E shows the subsurface variability over the AS. The seasonal variability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is dominated by westward north equatorial current and southward moving currents, which are confined to the boundary currents, where basin circulation is generally observed. The increasing resolution shows minimal improvement for AS characteristics on the climatological scale, indicating that it is not always guaranteed to enhance the performance towards increasing horizontal resolution for every aspect. 

/pdf/demonstrating-the-potential-of-regional-ocean-model-system-2vnot7dy.pdf

Demonstrating the potential of regional ocean model system in simulating the upper ocean characteristic over the Arabian Sea: impact of horizontal resolution

The operational Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) advisory generated and disseminated by the ESSO-Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services has a significant impact on the livelihood of coas...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1574951

Modelling of marine ecosystem in regional scale for short term prediction of satellite-aided operational fishery advisories

Physical processes in the oceans can be monitored by altimeters well before a radiometer can in terms of temperature or chlorophyll concentration. Herein we show the importance of Sea Surface Height anomaly (SSHa, retrieved with altimeter) in demarcating potential fishing
zones. We also show how SSHa can help predict tuna movements, horizontally as well as vertically in the water column. Moreover, we prove these prediction with positively
correlating SSHa to tuna hooking rates. In the end, we list out present and potential future sources from where SSHa can be retrieved in order to provide improved fishery advisories.

Utility of Sea Surface Height anomaly (SSHa)in determination of Potential Fishing Zones

PFZs, are essentially the frontal structures as identified from the satellite images of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and chlorophyll concentration. These regions are known for fish aggregation and provide cost-effectiveness in offshore fishing operations. Subjective
identification of fronts may lead to human-errors, non-negotiable beyond a limit. To overcome this, we propose utilization of tools that help automated identification of the frontal structures. This approach not only removes the errors, but also helps shorten the time period of the operational process-chain

Automated Identification of Oceanic Fronts for Operational Generation of Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) Advisories

Horizontal movement of pelagic fish predator, Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) has been decoded from Pop-up Satellite Archival Tags (PSAT) in Bay of Bengal Environmental satellite data were matched with the tag locations to understand and characterize the habitats of Yellowfin tuna (YFT) The tagging operation was performed in February 2013 and subsequently tracked for three months A subset of tag data was selected corresponding to the maximum residence time of YFT indicated by high density data points Different environmental factors viz Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Sea Surface Height Anomaly (SSHa) and chlorophyll were retrieved from satellite The tagged YFT spent 60 to 70% of time within waters of SST range 28–295°C and SSHa range +5-+12 cm Time-series imageries of SSHa revealed a pair of warm-core and cold-core eddies at the site of YFT release and in vicinity The tagged tuna repeatedly re-visited warm core and cold core eddies, which were up to 60 km apart Satellite retrieved SST 

Satellite telemetry of Yellowfin tuna feeding migration: a case study in southwestern Bay of Bengal

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Modelling of marine ecosystem in regional scale for short term prediction of satellite-aided operational fishery advisories

Utility of Sea Surface Height anomaly (SSHa)in determination of Potential Fishing Zones

Automated Identification of Oceanic Fronts for Operational Generation of Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) Advisories

Satellite telemetry of Yellowfin tuna feeding migration: a case study in southwestern Bay of Bengal