Soil Chemical Analysis

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a critical role in carbon cycling and soil quality of agroecosystems. Understanding the factors influencing SOC and the main indicators for soil quality can help in better soil management and sustainable agriculture. In this study, we selected three upland fields (U1, U2 and U3) and three paddy fields (P1, P2 and P3) of saline-alkali agroecosystems to study the impacts of soil physico-chemical properties (soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, electrical conductivity and bulk density) and enzyme activities (soil amylase, invertase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase) on SOC dynamics. The soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) had profoundly negative effect on SOC. Soil amylase and invertase activities were significantly positively correlated with SOC in both upland and paddy fields. Catalase promoted the accumulation of paddy SOC and polyphenol oxidase led to the acceleration of decomposition of upland SOC. Additionally, we combined SOC contents, soil physico-chemical properties and soil enzyme activities together to obtain the main indicators of soil quality. The results suggested that, in upland sites, the main factors affecting the soil quality were soil pH, ESP and SOC. As for paddy sites, the main indicators of soil quality were soil pH, amylase and invertase. By comparing the soil quality indicators between upland and paddy fields, it was observed that the inhibiting effect of ESP on paddy soil quality was not as significant as on upland soil quality due to the irrigation practice of rice planting, which could reduce the degree of soil alkalization. Therefore, paddy development has been widely used to improve the saline-alkali land in western Jilin Province of China.

The Influence of Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Enzyme Activities on Soil Quality of Saline-Alkali Agroecosystems in Western Jilin Province, China

Long-term harvesting of reeds affects greenhouse gas emissions and microbial functional genes in alkaline wetlands.

Plant invasion has been a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem stability. In the present study, we have estimated the effect of two invasive alien species, Lantana camara and Ageratina adenophora on the understory vegetation composition and species diversity of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forests in the central Himalaya. We have selected three sites in pine forests and each site was divided into three subsites i.e. non-invaded (NI), Lantana camara invaded (LI) and Ageratina adenophora invaded (AI). In each subsite, 10 random quadrats for herbs (1 × 1 m) and shrubs (5 × 5 m) were laid down. In all the study sites, native herbs and shrubs species richness, diversity, and evenness changed due to invasive species. The presence of both the invasive species caused a reduction in native understory herbs and shrubs species number by 29–40% indicating a strong effect on native vegetation. Shrub density ranged from 6720 to 9680 individuals ha−1 and 8960 to 12000 individuals ha−1 in LI and AI sites, respectively. Total shrub basal area varied between 1.64 and 2.52 m2 ha−1 in LI sites and 1.76 and 2.24 m2 ha−1 in AI sites. Shrub density and basal area in NI sites (4200–6960 individual ha−1 and 0.60–0.96 m2 ha−1) were 2–3 times lower than LI and AI sites. Higher shrub density and basal area in LI and AI sites altered the vegetation composition and diversity of understory vegetation in pine forests. The dominance of invasive species also altered the soil physico-chemical properties. Their interrelationship among species assemblage, study sites and environmental variables showed the adverse impact of invasion on native species. This depletion of native flora is worrisome for both ecological as well as socio-economical perspectives and needs urgent attention of forest managers and policymakers.

Lantana camara and Ageratina adenophora invasion alter the understory species composition and diversity of chir pine forest in central Himalaya, India

Effects of shallow groundwater table and fertilization level on soil physico-chemical properties, enzyme activities, and winter wheat yield

Temperate and dry deciduous forest covers major portion of terrestrial ecosystem in India. The two forest types with different dominant tree species differ in litter quality and root exudates, thereby exerting species-specific impact on soil properties and microbial activity. This study aims to examine the influence of forest type or dominant tree species on soil physico-chemical properties and its relationship with microbial characters in temperate and dry deciduous forest types. We assessed soil physico-chemical properties among five different sites located within the selected forest stand covered by different dominant species. The soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN) and phosphorous (MBP) were recorded high in oak soil, i.e., the MBC/TOC ratio was significantly higher in dry deciduous forest. Basal respiration was recorded highest at oak-mixed soil while qCO2 was comparatively high in oak soil. Temperate forest displayed the highest MBC/MBN ratio, while dry deciduous forest had the highest MBC/MBP ratio. Moreover, the MBN/TN ratio was found high in dry deciduous forest, whereas MBP/TP ratio was high in temperate forest. Additionally, the enzyme activities were significantly higher in an oak-mixed soil among all the sites. The results displayed that the soil microbial characters and soil physico-chemical uniqueness are interrelated, and were significantly influenced by specific forest type and climatic variables.

/pdf/impact-of-forest-vegetation-on-soil-characteristics-a-xb24pyzvvi.pdf

Impact of forest vegetation on soil characteristics: a correlation between soil biological and physico-chemical properties.

Background: Leaf blight caused by Alternaria spp. is one of the serious concerns in guar production worldwide. Despite this, the interaction of host-pathogen and responses of different guar genotypes against necrotrophic fungus Alternaria is still not much explored. Methods: In the present investigation, six guar genotypes have been infected with Alternaria and observed differential responses by using various parameters, including biochemical assays, antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, PO, GPx, APx PAL, β-1,3-glucanase enzyme, total phenolic content) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll content, carotenoid and photosynthetic yield-II). Result: After the pathogenicity of Alternaria there was a substantial shift in the biochemical activity in all the inoculated resistant genotypes compared to their respective controls. Moreover, a significant reduction was also observed up to 65% in terms of physiological performance, such as total chlorophyll content, carotenoids and photosynthetic yield-II content, after 14 days of pathogenicity. The genotypes RGC-1066 and RGC-936 showed relatively more resistance and RGC-936 showed relatively more susceptibility towards Alternaria infection. These findings also imply that host-pathogen interactions factors have a role in the differential expression of defence-related enzymes and antioxidant activities in response to Alternaria inoculation.

https://arccarticles.s3.amazonaws.com/OnlinePublish/Final-article-attachemnt-with-doi-LR-5064-6089603e9087340b9bdcbbb1.pdf

Differential Response of Guar genotypes to Alternaria Infection

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Impact of forest vegetation on soil characteristics: a correlation between soil biological and physico-chemical properties.

Differential Response of Guar genotypes to Alternaria Infection