Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for humans and their children. Sustainable agriculture is a discipline that addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, poor-nation starvation, rich-nation obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control, and biodiversity depletion. Novel, environmentally-friendly solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from sciences as diverse as agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, and social sciences. Indeed, sustainable agriculture decipher mechanisms of processes that occur from the molecular level to the farming system to the global level at time scales ranging from seconds to centuries. For that, scientists use the system approach that involves studying components and interactions of a whole system to address scientific, economic and social issues. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical, narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. Because most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.

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Sustainable agriculture reviews.

Irrigation levels and dense planting affect flower yield and phosphorus concentration of saffron corms under semi-arid region of Mashhad, Northeast Iran

How irrigation rounds and mother corm size control saffron yield, quality, daughter corms behavior and phosphorus uptake

Global greenhouse gases increase could be a threat to sustainable agriculture since it might affect both green water and air temperature. Using the outputs of 15 general circulation models (GCMs) under three SRES scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1, the projected annual and seasonal precipitation (P) and cardinal temperatures (T) were analyzed for five climatic zones in Iran. In addition, the probable effects of climate change on cereal production were studied using AquaCrop model. Data obtained from the GCMs were downscaled using LARS-WG for 52 synoptic stations up to 2100. An uncertainty analysis was done for the projected P and T associated to GCMs and SRES scenarios. Based on station observations, LARS-WG was capable enough for simulating both P and T for all the climatic zones. The majority of GCMs as well as the median of the ensemble for each scenario project positive P and T changes. In all the climatic zones, wet seasons have a higher P increase than dry seasons, with the highest increase (27.9–83.3%) corresponding to hyper-arid and arid regions. A few GCMs project a P reduction mainly in Mediterranean and hyper-humid climatic regions. The highest increase (11.2–44.5%) in minimum T occurred in Mediterranean climatic regions followed by semi-arid regions in which a concurrent increase in maximum T (2.9–14.6%) occurred. The largest uncertainty in P and cardinal T projection occurred in rainy seasons as well as in hyper-humid regions. The AquaCrop simulation results revealed that the increased cardinal T under global warming will cause 0–28.5% increase in cereal water requirement as well as 0–15% reduction in crop yield leading to 0–30% reduction in water use efficiency in 95% of the country.

Climate change impact on precipitation and cardinal temperatures in different climatic zones in Iran: analyzing the probable effects on cereal water-use efficiency

Saffron, Crocus sativus L., belongs to the iris plant family, characterized for having a purple flower with red stigmas and yellow stamens. Saffron long scarlet stigmas are highly valued for flavouring food and adding a golden-yellow color. Saffron, as dried stigmas, is the most expensive spice in the world, well known for its aromatic and colouring power. It has been used as a spice in human nutrition, for medicinal purpose and as a dye. Saffron is cultivated in environments with very different climatic conditions, it grows well under temperate and dry climates, however its vegetative growth coincides with cold weather. Saffron production and processing in Iran is still based on traditional knowledge of farmers. Due to the nature of production of saffron as a high labor demand and family oriented crop, its production methods have not changed much through history. However, many research programs are being run in this country.

Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran

Assessment of climate change potential impacts on agricultural water use and water resources of kashaf rood basin

Solanum elaeagnifolium, one of the world’s most widespread invasive weeds, thrives in the regions of Tunisia with a semi-arid climate. An enhanced understanding of its biological traits could be useful for its management. For this purpose, S. elaeagnifolium vegetative propagation, flowering, fruiting, and spread patterns were assessed under semi-arid environmental conditions at Chott Mariem (Tunisia) over three years (2013–2015). Our results revealed that S. elaeagnifolium showed an active vegetative growth phase during the spring (March–May). Thereafter, the plant stopped its vegetative growth in June–August in favor of flowering and fruiting. The vegetative growth resumed during September–October and declined in November, announcing its dormant period. Thanks to its vigorous rhizomatous system, S. elaeagnifolium was able to emit offshoots within a radius of 1.5 m from parent shoots by 30 months after its establishment. These findings could inform and improve dedicated management control options for S. elaeagnifolium. Silverleaf nightshade should be controlled before the full-flowering stage in spring and following the first autumnal rainfall to prevent vegetative propagation and fruiting.

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Solanum elaeagnifolium Invasiveness under Semi-Arid Environmental Conditions in Tunisia

Weed flora that competes with a particular crop species depends upon environmental factors and cropping systems. In this paper we present taxonomic analysis of the weed flora in potato grown conventionally under a semi-arid Tunisian climate, and its shift according to cultural practices particularly hand weeding and chemical treatments. A total of 29 weed species belonging to 16 families and 27 genus have been reported in potato crop. In the total floristic spectrum of potato crops weed flora, Poaceae family predominates with 17%, followed by Amarantaceae (14%), Fabaceae (10%) and Asteraceae (10%). In term of biological spectrum, therophytes were the most frequent with 72% followed by geophytes with 14%. Urtica urens, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium album and Raphanus raphanistrum were the most dominant species. Chemical treatment is critical to provide an optimal growing environment for potatoes earlier in the season Results showed that weed biomass decreased when chemical treatments were applied between 2 and 3 weeks after planting. However, beyond 6 weeks after planting, chemical treatments were not effective in controlling weeds. These findings revealed that, under the study site conditions, the critical period for potato crop-weed competition was 4-6 weeks after planting and the crop should be well protected at this stage by creating weed free environment. Early postemergence application of Metribuzin at 0.7 kg a.i./ha was more efficient to suppress broadleaf weed species and grasses than pre-emergence application of Linuron at 0.2 kg a.i./ha. Furthermore, hand weeding practiced twice: the first at the planting and the second 3 weeks after was more efficient to decreases weed density than that practiced only one time 6 weeks after planting. However, the highest weed control efficiency was recorded when hand weeding was combined with herbicides application. 

/pdf/effect-of-hand-weeding-and-chemical-treatments-on-weed-flora-3t6hhd5c.pdf

Effect of hand weeding and chemical treatments on weed flora in Potato crop

The phytochemical composition, the antioxidant and the insecticidal activities of Tunsian Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves and flowers aqueous extracts were revealed. A variation in phenolic and flavonoid contents was observed between samples. Leaves aqueous extract revealed the best phenolic contents (25.2 mg GAE/g DW). However, flowers extracts were characterized by the highest flavonoid contents (8.53 mg RE/g DW). The level of antioxidant capacity estimated by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) varied significantly among organs. Leaves aqueous extract revealed the best results (IC50=35.11 μg/ml). E. helioscopia aqueous extracts were also evaluated for their insecticidal effect against Tribolium castaneum, with three concentrations 10 (T1), 5 (T2), and 2.5% (T3). Probit analysis revealed that flowers aqueous extracts of E.helioscopia exhibited the lowest LC50 with 2.9 mg/mL.

/pdf/antioxidant-and-insecticidal-properties-of-euphorbia-c3az36cu.pdf

Antioxidant and insecticidal properties of Euphorbia helioscopia L. Aqueous extracts

Introduction Contagious disease outbreaks can have major repercussions on medical stuff. Doctors in Tunisia were requested to act as the first-line filter in managing active cases during the beginning of COVID19 pandemic. Objectives This study aims to assess perceived stress in Tunisian doctors during COVID19 pandemic early stages and to identify factors associated to stress in order to guide prevention strategies. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted through an online survey, from April 18th 2020 to June 6th 2020. A 62-item semi-structured survey was created, consisting of 5 series of questions and scales. Linear regression models were performed to identify the associations between the study variables and the perceived stress score of the participants. Results We included 203 physicians in this study. Stress levels were high among Tunisian doctors with a mean perceived stress score (PSS) of 28.6. One hundred fifteen participants (56.3%) scored for high PSS. This study identified vulnerable subgroups too stress. The female gender, working in the capital and working in critical medicine units were risk factors for high PSS. Managing COVID19 patients was not itself correlated to stress, however social isolation, stigma and luck of access to information were correlated to high stress levels. Conclusions Several stressors can affect the well-being of doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic, which can lead to adverse psychosocial outcomes. The findings of this study may guide decision-makers to implement early mental health interventions for doctors. Disclosure No significant relationships.

The early Impact of stress related to COVID-19 Pandemic on physicians in Tunisia

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