New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoelectrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices are highlighted.

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Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices

Energy storage is more important today than at any time in human history. Future generations of rechargeable lithium batteries are required to power portable electronic devices (cellphones, laptop computers etc.), store electricity from renewable sources, and as a vital component in new hybrid electric vehicles. To achieve the increase in energy and power density essential to meet the future challenges of energy storage, new materials chemistry, and especially new nanomaterials chemistry, is essential. We must find ways of synthesizing new nanomaterials with new properties or combinations of properties, for use as electrodes and electrolytes in lithium batteries. Herein we review some of the recent scientific advances in nanomaterials, and especially in nanostructured materials, for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries

Research Development on Sodium-Ion Batteries

The storage of electrical energy at high charge and discharge rate is an important technology in today's society, and can enable hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and provide back-up for wind and solar energy. It is typically believed that in electrochemical systems very high power rates can only be achieved with supercapacitors, which trade high power for low energy density as they only store energy by surface adsorption reactions of charged species on an electrode material. Here we show that batteries which obtain high energy density by storing charge in the bulk of a material can also achieve ultrahigh discharge rates, comparable to those of supercapacitors. We realize this in LiFePO(4) (ref. 6), a material with high lithium bulk mobility, by creating a fast ion-conducting surface phase through controlled off-stoichiometry. A rate capability equivalent to full battery discharge in 10-20 s can be achieved.

Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Electroactivity of natural and synthetic triphylite

The electrochemical reduction of the oxocarbons: squarate, croconate and especially rhodizonate lithium salts have been studied in all solid state lithium batteries. Lithium rhodizonate cells were tested on cycling in the 1.5 – 3.5 V potential range The reduction of lithium rhodizonate occurs in two waves of two electrons. The number of electrons transferred in reduction on the first cycle was around 3.5 based on a capacity of 515 mA.h.g−1 and a discharge depth of 87 %. This process is quite reversible but we observed a fast decline of the capacity on cycling. This loss of capacity may be attributed to residual water in the salt. The reduction of the lithium croconate occurs at a potential of 1.8 V in a quasi-irreversible process. We could not observe the reduction of lithium squarate which occurs in the potential range where the lithium is inserted in carbon black. We also report an investigation on rhodizonate salts of transition metals. The best results, in term of capacity, on the 1.5 – 3.5 V potential range, were obtained with copper rhodizonate which exhibits a capacity of 579 mA.h.g−1 on the first discharge.

Novel Cathode Materials Based on Organic Couples for Lithium Batteries

A novel family of salts suitable for lithium battery application was synthesized and characterized. These salts have a large delocalized anion whose charge is spread over a single SO{sub 2} and a phenyl ring. Remarkable properties were obtained for the lithium N-(3-trifluoromethyl phenyl) trifluoromethanesulfonamide salt or LiTFPTS. The electrochemical stability window is around 4.0 V and its conductivity in solid poly(ethylene oxide) or PEO is close to the one of the lithium perchlorate salt. Calorimetric analysis also showed that LiTFPTS behaves as a plasticizer since it hinders, to a certain extent, the PEO crystallization when it is used in a solid polymer matrix. Above all, its synthesis is quite straightforward and leads to potentially inexpensive salts as the starting amines are made commercially on a large scale.

A new family of salts for lithium Secondary batteries

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Papers

Electroactivity of natural and synthetic triphylite

Novel Cathode Materials Based on Organic Couples for Lithium Batteries

A new family of salts for lithium Secondary batteries