Molecules containing short-lived, radioactive nuclei are uniquely positioned to enable a wide range of scientific discoveries in the areas of fundamental symmetries, astrophysics, nuclear structure, and chemistry. Recent advances in the ability to create, cool, and control complex molecules down to the quantum level, along with recent and upcoming advances in radioactive species production at several facilities around the world, create a compelling opportunity to coordinate and combine these efforts to bring precision measurement and control to molecules containing extreme nuclei. In this manuscript, we review the scientific case for studying radioactive molecules, discuss recent atomic, molecular, nuclear, astrophysical, and chemical advances which provide the foundation for their study, describe the facilities where these species are and will be produced, and provide an outlook for the future of this nascent field.

Opportunities for Fundamental Physics Research with Radioactive Molecules.

The francium atom is considered as a prospective candidate system to search for the $\mathcal{T},\mathcal{P}$-violating electron electric dipole moment [Aoki et al., Quantum Sci. Technol. 6, 044008 (2021)]. We demonstrate that the same experiment can be used for axionlike particles (ALP) search. For this, we calculate electronic structure constants of the ALP-mediated interaction for a wide range of ALP masses. Using the recently updated constraints on products of ALP-electron and ALP-nucleon coupling constants, we show that contribution of considered interactions corresponding to these constraints can give significant contribution to the atomic electric dipole moment. Therefore, obtainment of stronger restrictions for ALP characteristics in the francium atom electric dipole moment experiment is possible. 

/pdf/static-electric-dipole-moment-of-the-francium-atom-induced-latcrfxj.pdf

Static electric dipole moment of the francium atom induced by axionlike particle exchange

The LiFr diatomic represents a promising candidate for indirect laser cooling that has not yet been investigated not theoretically or experimentally. The potential energy curves of the ground and low-lying excited states of the LiFr heteronuclear alkali metal dimer are calculated using the Fock-space relativistic coupled cluster theory for the first time. A number of properties such as the electronic term energies, equilibrium internuclear distances, transition and permanent dipole moments, sequences of vibrational energies, harmonic vibrational frequencies, Franck–Condon factors, and radiative lifetimes (including bound and free transitions) are predicted. The probabilities of the two-step schemes (optical cycles) for the transfer process of the LiFr molecules from high excited vibrational states to the ground vibronic state are also predicted. The data obtained would be useful for laser cooling and spectral experiments with LiFr molecules. 

Relativistic ab initio study on the spectroscopic and radiative properties of the lowest states and modeling of the optical cycles for the LiFr molecule

The scalar and tensor components of the electric quadrupole (E2) polarizabilities of the first two excited states of all the alkali-metal atoms are determined. To validate the calculations, we have evaluated the ground state E2 polarizabilities of these atoms and compared them with the literature values. We could not find the ground state E2 polarizability value for Fr in the literature to compare with our result. The dominant parts of these quantities are estimated by combining the precisely calculated E2 transition matrix elements of many low-lying transitions with the experimental energies, while the other contributions are estimated using lower-order methods. Our estimated values for the ground states of the above atoms are in good agreement with the literature values suggesting that our estimated E2 polarizabilities for the excited states of the alkali atoms, which were not known earlier except for the Li atom, are also quite accurate. These reported E2 polarizabilities could be useful in guiding many precision measurements in the alkali atoms. 

Determination of quadrupole polarizabilities of the excited states of alkali-metal atoms

A Sparcely Confined Water Molecules Undergoing Finite-Time Cyclic Process: A Case Study in Extracting Equilibrium Information from Non-Equilibrium Process

We propose a method to measure the electron electric dipole moment (eEDM) using ultracold entangled francium (Fr) atoms trapped in an optical lattice, yielding an uncertainty below the standard quantum limit. Among the alkali atoms, Fr offers the largest enhancement factor to the eEDM. With a Fr based experiment, quantum sensing using quantum entangled states could enable a search for the eEDM at a level below 10−30 ecm. We estimate statistical and systematic errors attached to the proposed measurement scheme based on this quantum sensing technique. A successful quantum sensing of the eEDM could enable the exploration of new physics beyond the standard model of particle physics.

Quantum sensing of the electron electric dipole moment using ultracold entangled Fr atoms

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Quantum sensing of the electron electric dipole moment using ultracold entangled Fr atoms