Plants resist pathogen attack through a combination of constitutive and inducible defences Different types of induced resistance have been defined based on differences in signalling pathways and spectra of effectiveness Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs in distal plant parts following localized infection by a necrotizing pathogen It is controlled by a signalling pathway that depends upon the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the regulatory protein NPR1 In contrast, induced systemic resistance (ISR) is promoted by selected strains of non-pathogenic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ISR functions independently of SA, but requires NPR1 and is regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET)Resistance can be induced by treatment with a variety of biotic and abiotic inducers The resistance induced is broad spectrum and can be long-lasting, but is rarely complete, with most inducing agents providing between 0·20 and 0·85 disease control In the field, expression of induced resistance is likely to be influenced by the environment, genotype, crop nutrition and the extent to which plants are already induced Unfortunately, understanding of the impact of these influences on the expression of induced resistance is rudimentary So too is understanding of how best to use induced resistance in practical crop protection This situation will need to change if induced resistance is to fulfil its potential in crop protection

Practical application of induced resistance to plant diseases: an appraisal of effectiveness under field conditions

Biotechnological opportunities in biosurfactant production

Induction of defence mechanisms in grapevine leaves by emodin- and anthraquinone-rich plant extracts and their conferred resistance to downy mildew.

Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important courgette diseases with high yield losses and is currently controlled by fungicides and sulphur applications in conventional and organic production. Plant derived elicitors/inducers of resistance are natural compounds that induce resistance to pathogen attack and promote a faster and/or more robust activation of plant defense responses. Giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis, RS) extract is a known elicitor of plant defenses but its mode of action remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of foliar RS applications and how these affect PM severity and crop performance when used alone or in combination with genetic resistance. RS foliar treatments significantly reduced conidial germination and PM severity on both an intermediate resistance (IR) and a susceptible (S) genotype. RS application triggered plant defense responses, which induced the formation of callose papillae, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and the Salicylic acid (SA) - dependent pathway. Increased SA production was detected along with increased p-coumaric and caffeic acid concentrations. These findings clearly indicate that RS elicits plant defenses notably as a consequence of SA pathway induction.

/pdf/reynoutria-sachalinensis-extract-elicits-sa-dependent-f6xnbut54f.pdf

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract elicits SA-dependent defense responses in courgette genotypes against powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii.

Combinations, compositions and methods of use for modulating plant pathogen infection using plant extracts containing anthraquinone derivatives which induce resistance to plant phytopathogens and an antimicrobial agent, a biological control agent and/or a surfactant having fungicidal activity

Plant pathogen inhibitor combinations and methods of use

Six field trials were conducted in Greece to study the efficacy of two formulations of Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Milsana® Vp 1999 & 2001) and a formulation of Pseudozyma flocculosa (Sporodex® L) against powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) of grapes. In three trials where Milsana® was tested alone it was found that a) both formulations significantly reduced disease severity on berries, b) its efficacy was moderate to low but within the range of sulphur treatment alone and c) significant increase in yield was obtained in one out of two trials where yield was measured. In two field trials where Sporodex® L was tested it was found that a) it was effective on moderate to high disease pressure on bunches, but its efficacy declined when disease severity was extremely high and b) its efficacy was similar or inferior to that of sulphur alone. Alternated applications of Milsana® and Sporodex® L tested in one trial improved the efficacy of Milsana®, but not that of Sporodex® L. Alternation of Milsana® and Sporodex® L with sulphur did not result in significantly better efficacy than the stand alone applications of the control agents (one trial). The potential use of Milsana® or Sporodex® L in low input systems in grapes is discussed.

Control of powdery mildew of grape in Greece using Sporodex® L and Milsana®

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Control of powdery mildew of grape in Greece using Sporodex® L and Milsana®