Background. Clinical trials showed a number of additional phenotypes of metabolic syndrome. All of them differ in the type of metabolic disorders and the composition of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Some of phenotypes have a number of clinical and metabolic similarities with endogenous or exogenous hypercorticism syndromes. The purpose was to characterize the functional activity of the adrenal glands in type 2 diabetes depen­ding on the phenotypic features: the degree of general obesity and the level of visceral fat. Material and methods. Our trial included 89 patients with type 2 diabetes (46 men and 43 women) aged 32 to 85 years. The examination included evaluation of anthropometric parameters, body composition by the bioelectrical impedance method, assessment of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the level of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in blood serum, and the activity of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzyme. Results. Insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly lower in the non-obese group. The cortisol/DHEAS ratio was elevated in both subgroups with high levels of visceral fat as possible marker of imbalance of anabolic and catabolic hormones. In addition, the concentration of the cortisol, measured in the blood serum of the patients after waking up, was within the normal range. However, the average value in both groups was closer to its upper ranges. This may suggest the presence of subclinical hypercortisolism caused by an increased activity of 11β-HSD, which contributes to the local production of cortisol in visceral adipose tissue. Conclusions. The hormonal and metabolic changes that we found in our groups of patients with type 2 diabetes may indicate anabolic-catabolic imbalance, which is manifested both in the features of the topography of adipose tissue and in changes of metabolic processes, i.e. form the special metabolic phenotype with a catabolic or anabolic axis. Detection the subgroups at high risk allows to develop pathogenetic approaches to the most targeted comprehensive correction of existing violations.

Functional activity of the adrenal glands in type 2 diabetes patients with different hormonal and metabolic phenotypes

In the modern world, the prevalence of dysmetabolic conditions, which are accompanied by corruption of lipid metabolism and the distribution of adipose tissue in the body, is increasing, and their consequences include cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) etc. These pathologies are characterized by dyslipidemia, which reflects an imbalance in the processes of assimilation, transportation, absorption and use by fatty acids’ cells as energy and plastic substrates. A decrease in the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) causes dysfunction of cell membranes, and an increase in serum concentration of LDL means corruption of their absorption by cells, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Absorption of LDL by cells occurs through the interaction of apolipoprotein apoE/B-100 with the membrane receptor of LDL. The cell regulates the supply of lipids and cholesterol by synthesizing these receptors. The expression of LDL receptors is regulated at the level of transcription; particularly, it is stimulated by insulin and suppressed by excess cholesterol, the latter leading to abnormal accumulation of lipids in cells and tissues and the development of pathology in various organs. According to clinical and experimental studies and meta-analyses, drugs from the group of inhibitors of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) have a pronounced protective cardiorenal effect in patients with T2DM and in cases of kidney and heart dysfunction. These beneficial effects are associated with improving insulin sensitivity, increasing the level of antiatherogenic HDL cholesterol, reducing the accumulation of lipids in visceral fat, stimulating lipolysis, and switching of oxidation towards the preferential use of lipid substrates. The paradoxical increase in LDL cholesterol is mainly due to less atherogenic large floating particles, and the negative effect is apparently counterweight by the wide range of beneficial pleiotropic effects of gliflozins.

/pdf/mechanisms-of-the-influence-of-sodium-glucose-cotransporter-ltxwqa47.pdf

MECHANISMS OF THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS ON LDL RECEPTOR FUNCTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN TYPE 2 DM (literature review)

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic in the world, is now becoming an endemic, seasonal disease. Therefore, the search for new biomarkers to predict the course of the disease and its outcomes remains extremely important. It has been found that COVID-19 affects not only the respiratory system but also other organs and systems of the body. In particular, the target of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cardiovascular system. Because the severity of COVID-19 disease is highly variable, laboratory biomarkers can provide important prognostic information already at the emergency stage, especially in patients with atypical manifestations. It has been demonstrated that viral infections, and in particular COVID-19, can cause changes in the host's lipid profile. Changes in the processes of intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis and its transport in the bloodstream of patients with COVID-19 have been reported. Thus, in patients suffering from COVID-19, significantly reduced levels of total іукгь cholesterol (C), HDL, and LDL cholesterol, and an increased ratio of triglycerides/C have been recorded. Patients with COVID-19 are characterized by an increased content of residual (remnant) cholesterol, which is defined as cholesterol present in residual lipoproteins rich in triglycerides and, as shown by the results of genetic, observational, and clinical studies, is associated with the development of atherosclerosis and overall mortality. Several peptide cardiac biomarkers have become other predictors of cardiovascular prognosis in patients with COVID-19: highly sensitive cardiac troponin – successfully used in clinical practice as a marker of myocyte damage for diagnosis and prognostic assessment of acute coronary syndrome; N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a biomarker of myocardial stretch; peptide ST2 – a marker of remodeling of myocardial extracellular matrix, which prevents fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis; copeptin is a biomarker of neurohumoral activation. The review provides a concise analysis of currently known cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19 and their prognostic significance.

https://rsglobal.pl/index.php/ws/article/download/2669/2317

Biomarkers of cardiovascular complications associated with covid-19 disease

Aim: to study the relationship between neurotransmitter support and the degree of cognitive and psycho-emotional impairments in patients in the post-coronavirus period depending on the presence of overall obesity.
Materials and methods. 44 patients aged 19 to 76 years (17 women and 27 men) with a history of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 were examined. 2 groups were allocated depending on body mass index (BMI): Group 1 – 20 non-obese patients (BMI <30 kg/m2; male / female 10/10); Group 2 – 24 obese people (BMI ≥30 kg/m2; male / female 17/7). The groups of subjects were comparable in age, length of hospital stay, severity of COVID-19, hematological and biochemical parameters, C-reactive protein, D-dimer. Parameters of quality of life (QL), psycho-emotional state, and cognitive function were studied by a questionnaire method 6 months after recovery.
Results. It has been found that the serotonin level was significantly lower in the acute period of infection in the group of obese patients compared to that in the non-obese group. However, after treatment, serum serotonin returned to reference values. No significant differences were detected between the two groups of patients regarding the values of neurocognitive and social parameters in the post-COVID period. Correlation analysis has shown that QL scores in Group 1 were positively correlated with cognitive function (r from 0.54 to 0.73) and negatively – with anxiety and depression (r from -0.60 to -0.80). In Group 2, the serotonin level was positively correlated with self-assessments of the QL (r from 0.42 to 0.53) and negatively – with cognitive abilities and anxiety (r from -0.51 to -0.60).
Conclusions. The presence of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) in patients with COVID-19 was accompanied by reduced serum serotonin levels during the acute phase of COVID-19. In the post-COVID period, the initial level of serotonin in obese patients was correlated with the deterioration of quality of life and worsening cognitive function assessments.

The impact of overall obesity on serotonin level in the acute phase of coronavirus infection and post-coronavirus sequelae: aspects of neuropsychological and cognitive impairments

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

N.M. Kushnarova

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Functional activity of the adrenal glands in type 2 diabetes patients with different hormonal and metabolic phenotypes

MECHANISMS OF THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS ON LDL RECEPTOR FUNCTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN TYPE 2 DM (literature review)

Biomarkers of cardiovascular complications associated with covid-19 disease

The impact of overall obesity on serotonin level in the acute phase of coronavirus infection and post-coronavirus sequelae: aspects of neuropsychological and cognitive impairments