The diffusion coefficients of several transition elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and a few non-transition elements (Mg, Si, Ga, and Ge) in fcc and liquid Al are critically reviewed and assessed by means of the least-squares method and semi-empirical correlations. Inconsistent experimental data are identified and ruled out. In the case of the elements, for which plentiful experimental data are available in the literature, the least-squares analysis gives rise to the activation energies and pre-exponential factors in an Arrhenius equation. For the elements with limited experimental data or no data at all, the diffusion parameters are estimated from two semi-empirical correlations. In one correlation, the logarithmic pre-exponential factors are plotted against the activation energies for various elements in Al. In the other correlation, the activation energies are shown as a function of valences relative to Al. The diffusion coefficients calculated by using the evaluated diffusion parameters agree reasonably with the reliable experimental data. The proposed semi-empirical correlations are used to predict the diffusion coefficients of a few elements in liquid Al. A satisfactory agreement between the predicted and measured diffusion coefficients is obtained.

Diffusion coefficients of some solutes in fcc and liquid Al: critical evaluation and correlation

We describe four criteria for the selection of alloying elements capable of producing castable, precipitation-strengthened Al alloys with high-temperature stability and strength: these alloying elements must (i) be capable of forming a suitable strengthening phase, (ii) show low solid solubility in Al, (iii) low diffusivity in Al, and (iv) retain the ability for the alloy to be conventionally solidified. With regard to criterion (i), we consider those systems forming Al3M trialuminide compounds with a cubic L12 crystal structure, which are chemically and structurally analogous to Ni3Al in the Ni-based superalloys. Eight elements, clustered in the same region of the periodic table, fulfill criterion (i): the first Group 3 transition metal (Sc), the three Group 4 transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) and the four latest lanthanide elements (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). Based on a review of the existing literature, these elements are assessed in terms of criteria (ii) and (iii), which satisfy the need for a dispersion...

/pdf/criteria-for-developing-castable-creep-resistant-aluminum-7tojhsaie6.pdf

Criteria for developing castable, creep-resistant aluminum-based alloys - A review

Solute diffusion in dilute alloys

Self-diffusion in pure metals☆

The simultaneous lattice diffusion of 59Fe, 51Cr and 57Ni tracers has been measured in the alloys Fe-15Cr-20Ni, Fe-15Cr-45Ni, Fe-22Cr-45Ni and Fe-15Cr-20Ni-1.4Si between 960 and 1400 degrees C. In all four alloys at all temperatures, DCr>DFe>DNi, with DCr/DNi approximately=2.5 and DFe/DNi approximately=1.8. The activation enthalpies for diffusion of the major constituents in any one alloy are quite close to each other. No correlation is found between swelling under irradiation and the diffusion behaviour of the major constituents. The results are discussed on the basis of the random-alloy model. Grain-boundary diffusion is found in these alloys at surprisingly high temperatures.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4608/10/3/009/pdf

Self-diffusion in austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni alloys

The diffusion of $^{71}\mathrm{Ge}$, $^{72}\mathrm{Ga}$, $^{65}\mathrm{Zn}$, $^{64}\mathrm{Cu}$, $^{110}\mathrm{Ag}$, and $^{198}\mathrm{Au}$ in aluminum single crystals has been measured by the tracer-sectioning technique. The diffusion coefficients, in ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec, are given by: ${D}_{\mathrm{Ge}}=0.481\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(28,980\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}210)}{\mathrm{RT}}]$, ${D}_{\mathrm{Ga}}=0.490\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(29,240\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}141)}{\mathrm{RT}}]$, ${D}_{\mathrm{Zn}}=0.259\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(28,860\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}134)}{\mathrm{RT}}]$, ${D}_{\mathrm{Cu}}=0.647\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(32,270\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}270)}{\mathrm{RT}}]$, ${D}_{\mathrm{Ag}}=0.118\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(27,830\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}142)}{\mathrm{RT}}]$, and ${D}_{\mathrm{Au}}=0.131\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(27,790\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}240)}{\mathrm{RT}}]$. Less extensive measurements of the diffusion of $^{60}\mathrm{Co}$ and $^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$ in aluminum are also reported. The activation energies obtained in this study cannot be reconciled with the large impurity-vacancy binding energies deduced from quenching studies; the difference is explained in terms of clustering effects in the quenching experiments. The difference between the present data and the low values of ${D}_{0}$ and $Q$ for impurity diffusion in aluminum reported by Agarwala and co-workers can be explained by the effect of a surface oxide.

Impurity Diffusion in Aluminum

The self-diffusion coefficients of copper in copper-zinc alloys containing 0-4-at.% zinc have been measured at 894.4 and 946.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. These results, together with the correlation factor for the diffusion of zinc in copper as determined from measurements of the isotope effect, are used to obtain the relative jump frequencies of the zinc atoms and the neighboring copper atoms by means of the theory of Howard and Manning. The isotope effect for the diffusion of both copper and zinc has been measured in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$---Cu-Zn alloys containing 4- and 30-at.% Zn, and in ordered and disordered $\ensuremath{\beta}$---Cu-Zn. The results support Manning's theory of correlation effects in concentrated alloys for those cases where the theory should be applicable (30-at.% Zn and disordered $\ensuremath{\beta}$---Cu-Zn). The agreement is poorer for those cases where the theory is less applicable (4-at.% Zn and ordered $\ensuremath{\beta}$---Cu-Zn). The isotope effect for the diffusion of copper is the same in ordered and in disordered $\ensuremath{\beta}$---Cu-Zn. This supports our earlier conclusion that the Elcock-McCombie mechanism is not the dominant mechanism in ordered $\ensuremath{\beta}$---Cu-Zn when the state of the order is described by $S=0.7$.

Diffusion and Correlation Effects in Copper-Zinc Alloys

The isotope effect for the diffusion of copper in aluminum is 0.81 +- 0.05 at 656.9 /sup 0/C and 0.89 +- 0.05 at 584.7 /sup 0/C. The isotope effect for the diffusion of zinc in aluminum increases from approx. 0.35 at 415 /sup 0/C to approx. 0.6 at 654 /sup 0/C with a temperature dependence of 0.1 eV. These results and earlier diffusion data indicate that the impurity-vacancy binding energy is small in aluminum, but they do not resolve the controversy concerning the extent of the divacancy contribution to self-diffusion in aluminum.

Isotope effect for diffusion of zinc and copper in aluminum

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Impurity Diffusion in Aluminum

Diffusion and Correlation Effects in Copper-Zinc Alloys

Isotope effect for diffusion of zinc and copper in aluminum