Nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery: background, applications, trends and future perspectives.

Preparation and characterization of protein-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles as nasal delivery system.

Purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent and mechanism of uptake of fluorescent chitosan nanoparticles by the A549 cells, a human cell line derived from the respiratory epithelium.

Uptake of FITC-chitosan nanoparticles by A549 cells.

Tight junction modulation and its relationship to drug delivery

Progress in brain targeting drug delivery system by nasal route.

The intranasal toxicity of selected absorption enhancers (LPC, DM beta CD, N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) and chitosan hydrochloride) were determined in vivo by investigating the acute microscopic toxic potential on the morphology of rat nasal epithelium with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in vitro by measurement of the ciliary beat frequency (CBF), of human ciliated nasal epithelium. TEM evaluations showed that LPC (1% w/v) caused severe epithelial damage and pyknosis. No damage to the rat nasal epithelium was caused by the other absorption enhancers. CBF measurements showed that LPC resulted in total loss of ciliated cells while DM beta CD, TMC and chitosan hydrochloride did not cause any major changes in CBF.

Intranasal toxicity of selected absorption enhancers.

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Intranasal toxicity of selected absorption enhancers.