Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as an area of interest for both industry and researches because they have become an essential part of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Many applications in VANET require sending a message to certain or all vehicles within a region, called geocast. Sometimes geocast requires that the message be kept alive within the region for a period of time. This time-stable geocast has a vital role in some ITS applications, particularly commercial applications. This study presents a novel time-stable geocast protocol that works well even in too sparse networks. Moreover, since commercial applications sometimes make it necessary to change the duration of the stable message within the region, the dynamic nature of a geocast protocol should allow this time to be extended, reduced, or canceled without any additional cost. Therefore, we call it a dynamic time-stable geocast, DTSG, protocol. It works in two phases (the pre-stable period and the stable period), and the simulation results show that it works well in its performance metrics (delivery ratio and network cost). In addition, these results validate the protocol prediction of its performance metrics. Moreover, with the informed time of zero, all the intended vehicles will be informed as soon as they enter the region. The fact that the protocol is independent of the networks' density, the vehicles' speed, and the vehicles' broadcasting range, makes it more robust than others that fail in sparse networks or in high-speed nodes.

DTSG: Dynamic time-stable geocast routing in vehicular ad hoc networks

Recently, large sensor networks with several thousands of nodes are being deployed over large geographic areas in the context of smart city projects. In these settings, there is often a need to send a message to all sensors contained in one of multiple geographic regions, for example, to query for a free parking spot in several streets. We present Recursive Multi-region Geocasting (RMG), a novel multi-region geocast routing protocol which addresses the problem of delivering data from a source to multiple remote geocast regions in large-scale wireless sensor networks. The key idea is to treat a remote group of geocast regions as a point destination and forward data packets along a straight line towards the group, until a division point at which the group is divided, and the packet is forwarded towards the sub-groups in the same fashion. RMG is lightweight as no state has to be maintained at the nodes and the computations are simple. Simulation shows that our protocol achieves lower path length overhead and network relay load while incurring less computation overhead when compared to state-of-the-art protocols.

/pdf/efficient-geocasting-to-multiple-regions-in-large-scale-3ft7lg39io.pdf

Efficient geocasting to multiple regions in large-scale wireless sensor networks

Geocasting or Multi-Geocasting in wireless sensor network is the delivery of packets from a source (or sink) to all the nodes located in one or several geographic areas. The objectives of a geocasting (multi-geocasting) protocol are the guarantee of message delivery and low transmission cost. The existing protocols which guarantee delivery run on network in which each node has an ID beforehand. They are valid either only in dense networks or must derive a planar graph from the network topology. Hence the nodes may be adapted in order to carry out huge operations to make the network planar. In this paper we consider anonymous networks. To avoid this drawback, we adopt another strategy. Firstly each node acquires a unique identifier in random ranging from 1 to n3 with high probability. Next we partition the network in multi-stage distributed clusters using Gerla & Tsai method. And finally we derive geocast and multi-geocast algorithms that guarantee delivery and that need less overhead with respect to the existing protocols. They are also suitable for networks with irregular distributions with gaps or obstacles.

Randomized multi-stage clustering-based geocast algorithms in anonymous wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks offer novel opportunities for measurement data exchange on a wide spectrum of applications where particular physical phenomenon is monitored for control purposes. In order to serve such a purpose, it is essential that the sensed data be reported to the monitoring unit. This communication should be dynamic and automatic. The use of wireless communication coupled with embedded processor technology for such information exchange greatly increases the associated flexibility and mobility. This paper discusses the design and development of a middleware for the communication between embedded systems in a wireless sensor network. The paper describes the various functions related to measurements that can be used in such a middleware, to realize a driver for measurement data exchange between the embedded processors of the nodes in the network.

Middleware design for measurement data exchange in a smart sensor network

The high data rates of IEEE 802.11p-based VANETs and the wide coverage area of 3GPP networks, this paper envision VANET-UMTS integrated network architecture. In this Architecture, vehicles are dynamically clustered according to different related metrics. From these clusters, a minimum number of vehicles, equipped with IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN interfaces, are selected as vehicular gateways to link VANET to UMTS. Issues pertaining to gateway selection, gateway advertisement and discovery, service migration between gateways are all addressed and an adaptive mobile gateway management mechanism is proposed. Simulations are carried out using NS2 to evaluate the performance of the envisioned architecture incorporating the proposed mechanisms. Encouraging results are obtained in terms of high data packet delivery ratios and throughput, reduced control packet overhead, and minimized delay and packet drop rates. NS-2 is an object-oriented modular discrete event network simulator.

Enhancement in dynamic time stable geo cast routing (dtsgcr) algorithm in vanets

Multi-geocasting in wireless sensor network and ad hoc network is the delivery of packets from a source (or sink) to all the nodes located in several geographic areas The objectives of a multi-geocasting protocol are guaranteed message delivery and low transmission cost All the existing protocols guarantee delivery only in dense networks In this paper, we present two multi-geocast protocols which guarantee delivery of the packets whatever is the density of the sensor network (dense or sparse) They are also suitable for networks with irregular distributions with gaps or obstacles

Multi-geocast Algorithms for Wireless Sparse or Dense Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

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Multi-geocast Algorithms for Wireless Sparse or Dense Ad Hoc Sensor Networks