A theoretical analysis of the overall mean squared error (MSE) in hybrid video coding is presented for the case of error prone transmission. Our model covers the complete transmission system including the rate-distortion performance of the video encoder, forward error correction, interleaving, and the effect of error concealment and interframe error propagation at the video decoder. The channel model used is a 2-state Markov model describing burst errors on the symbol level. Reed-Solomon codes are used for forward error correction. Extensive simulation results using an H.263 video codec are provided for verification. Using the model, the optimal tradeoff between INTRA and INTER coding as well as the optimal channel code rate can be determined for given channel parameters by minimizing the expected MSE at the decoder. The main focus of this paper is to show the accuracy of the derived analytical model and its applicability to the analysis and optimization of an entire video transmission system.

/pdf/analysis-of-video-transmission-over-lossy-channels-27hc17c86j.pdf

Analysis of video transmission over lossy channels

Over the last one and a half decades, digital video compression technologies have become an integral part of the way we create, communicate, and consume visual information. In this paper, techniques for video compression are reviewed, starting from basic concepts. The rate-distortion performance of modern video compression schemes is the result of an interaction between motion representation techniques, intra-picture prediction techniques, waveform coding of differences, and waveform coding of various refreshed regions. The paper starts with an explanation of the basic concepts of video codec design and then explains how these various features have been integrated into international standards, up to and including the most recent such standard, known as H.264/AVC.

/pdf/video-compression-from-concepts-to-the-h-264-avc-standard-5aomz3z5r5.pdf

Video Compression - From Concepts to the H.264/AVC Standard

We describe an effective method for increasing error resilience of video transmission over bit error prone networks. Rate-distortion optimized mode selection and synchronization marker insertion algorithms are introduced. The resulting video communication system takes into account the channel condition and the error concealment method used by the decoder, to optimize video coding mode selection and placement of synchronization markers in the compressed bit stream. The effects of mismatch between the parameters used by the encoder and the parameters associated with the actual channel condition and the decoder error concealment method are evaluated. Results for the binary symmetric channel and wideband code division multiple access mobile network models are presented in order to illustrate the advantages of the proposed method.

Optimal mode selection and synchronization for robust video communications over error-prone networks

Real-time media streams that use RTP are, to some degree, resilient
against packet losses. Receivers may use the base mechanisms of the
Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) to report packet reception
statistics and thus allow a sender to adapt its transmission behavior
in the mid-term. This is the sole means for feedback and feedback-
based error repair (besides a few codec-specific mechanisms). This
document defines an extension to the Audio-visual Profile (AVP) that
enables receivers to provide, statistically, more immediate feedback
to the senders and thus allows for short-term adaptation and efficient
feedback-based repair mechanisms to be implemented. This early
feedback profile (AVPF) maintains the AVP bandwidth constraints for
RTCP and preserves scalability to large groups. [STANDARDS-TRACK]

Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)

video streaming, video delivery, streaming media content delivery networks, video coding, errorresilient; multiple description coding Video has been an important media for communications and entertainment for many decades. Initially video was captured and transmitted in analog form. The advent of digital integrated circuits and computers led to the digitization of video, and digital video enabled a revolution in the compression and communication of video. Video compression became an important area of research in the late 1980’s and 1990’s and enabled a variety of applications including video storage on DVD’s and Video-CD’s, video broadcast over digital cable, satellite and terrestrial (over-the-air) digital television (DTV), and video conferencing and videophone over circuit-switched networks. The growth and popularity of the Internet in the mid-1990’s motivated video communication over best-effort packet networks. Video over best-effort packet networks is complicated by a number of factors including unknown and time-varying bandwidth, delay, and losses, as well as many additional issues such as how to fairly share the network resources amongst many flows and how to efficiently perform one-to-many communication for popular content. This article examines the challenges that make simultaneous delivery and playback, or streaming, of video difficult, and explores algorithms and systems that enable streaming of pre-encoded or live video over packet networks such as the Internet.

/pdf/video-streaming-concepts-algorithms-and-systems-1dozu8pbla.pdf

Video Streaming: Concepts, Algorithms, and Systems

We review feedback-based low bit-rate video coding techniques for robust transmission in mobile multimedia networks. For error control on the source coding level, each decoder has to make provisions for error detection, resynchronization, and error concealment, and we review techniques suitable for that purpose. Further, techniques are discussed for intelligent processing of acknowledgment information by the coding control to adapt the source coder to the channel. We review and compare error tracking, error confinement, and reference picture selection techniques for channel-adaptive source coding. For comparison of these techniques, a system for transmitting low bit-rate video over a wireless channel is presented and the performance is evaluated for a range of transmission conditions. We also show how feedback-based source coding can be employed in conjunction with precompressed video stored on a media server. The techniques discussed are applicable to a wide variety of interframe video schemes, including various video coding standards. Several of the techniques have been incorporated into the H.263 video compression standard recently, and this standard is used as an example throughout.

Feedback-based error control for mobile video transmission : Video Transmission for Mobile Multimedia Applications

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Feedback-based error control for mobile video transmission : Video Transmission for Mobile Multimedia Applications