Maize protein quality is deficient due to lower lysine and methionine essential amino acid content. Therefore, developing high methionine and lysine hybrids is of importance in maize. In this study, 64 maize source populations were crossed to RWS x RWK-76 haploid inducer genotype in Sakarya, Turkey to produce haploids in 2016 and 2017. Putative haploids were planted in a greenhouse in 2017-2018 winter season in Antalya, Turkey to produce D0 lines. 115 D1 lines were selected and planted in 2018 summer field season in Sakarya for further investigation. A total of 65 D1 doubled haploid (DH) inbred lines were developed after final evaluations. While the majority of the developed lines gave higher values for methionine and lysine content, Ant-QPMDH-39 and Ant-QPMDH-42 lines were observed to have higher amino acid content when compared to parental lines. Statistics related to haploid induction rate, germination rate, misclassification rate and doubled haploid line rate revealed that effect of source populations cannot be ignored in DH line development. Our results showed that DH technology is efficient in line development in terms of special traits in maize in a short breeding time.

/pdf/breeding-doubled-haploid-maize-inbred-lines-for-methionine-80cdpy1gjb.pdf

Breeding Doubled Haploid Maize Inbred Lines for Methionine and Lysine Amino Acid Composition

Because maize (Zea mays L.) is often used either as food for humans or as feed for monogastric animals, essential amino acid levels are important. Maize kernels containing the opaque-2 (o2) mutation have improved amino acid balance and poor agronomic qualities including opaque kernels that are soft and susceptible to mechanical and biological damage. Quality Protein Maize (QPM) developed through plant breeding has improved amino acid balance conferred by the opaque-2 (o2) mutation, lint lacks the agronomic deficiencies normally associated with this mutation. To characterize the amino acid balance in QPM breeding germplasm, we determined the levels of nutritionally limiting amino acids tryptophan and methionine. Tiyptophan levels were negatively correlated with endosperm translucence, a measure of kernel hardness suggesting the process of selection for hard-kernels reduces tryptophan levels. On average, germplasm containing the o2/o2 mutation had lower methionine levels than 02/02 germplasm regardless of kernel hardness, suggesting methionine levels could be reduced by the o2/o2 mutation. A series of inbred lines was test-crossed to the o2/o2 soft endosperm inbred line Tx804. The predictive value of the characteristics of the inbred line for the characteristics of the hybrids was examined. The amino acid levels of the inbred lines were significantly correlated with those of the hybrids, although the predictive value was low (R 2 = 0.13 and 0.27 for methionine and tryptophan, respectively). The reduction in tryptophan during conversion to the hard-kernel phenotype and the reduction in methionine in o2 germplasm both reduce the nutritional value of QPM. It may be possible to correct these deficiencies by breeding and selection for levels of tryptophan and methionine.

Tryptophan and methionine levels in quality protein maize breeding germplasm [Zea mays L.; USA]

Quality protein maize (QPM) has high contents of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. The substitution of standard maize (SM) with QPM in feeds can be profitable due to improved livestock performance and decreased use of costly dietary lysine supplementation and protein ingredients. Herein, effects of QPM adapted to temperate climate on broiler performance were tested. A feeding experiment was performed on control (fed with SM) and treatment (fed with QPM) broilers. Each feeding trial of 42 days' duration was carried out in three phases-starter (1-14), grower (15-35) and finisher (36-42). Diets for each growth phase were formulated based on the biochemical analysis of maize kernels. At the end of each growth phase, feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. In the first experiment, SM was completely replaced with QPM in treatment group diets. The results indicated better FCR in the treatment group for grower (1.51:1.56) and finisher (1.56:1.61) phases. In the second experiment, QPM content was increased and the soybean component decreased by 3%. This time, FCR improvement was even better but in all three phases-1.16:1.33 for starters, 1.28:1.36 for growers and 1.30:1.46 for finishers. These results indicate a significant financial reduction in the cost of feed as the price of soybean is usually two to four times higher than the price of maize. Overall, it can be concluded that using adapted QPM in broiler diets can be profitable for both feed industry and broiler producers. 

Effects of adapted quality protein maize on broiler performance

Farmers need sustainable cultivars to increase food supply and value with less production land, animals, and inputs. Next generation plant and animal breeders face climate change adaptation and mitigation challenges. These challenges need to be addressed with opportunities for significant reduction of environmental impact developing cultivars less addicted to fertilizers and soil moisture needs. Sustainable breeding can help balance agriculture with the environment. Sustainable breeders need to integrate long-term pre-breeding activities with cultivar development efforts providing farmers options to comply with environmental regulations. Good choice of germplasm is still the most important decision. The most sophisticated tools will have limited success if poor choices of germplasm are made. Seed companies need capable breeders developing the next generation of sustainable cultivars while public institutions need to mentor sustainable breeders capable to not only broadening and improving unique germplasm but also developing new cultivars carrying desirable traits. Graduates mentored in breeding programs integrating these needs will be selected for industry jobs without need for re-training. Sustainable breeders will need to operate in new breeding centers located in strategic environments for faster genetic improvement ahead of climate changes. Key factors for developing useful and unique sustainable cultivars will be the adaptation of exotic germplasm and the maximization of its genetic improvement before cultivar development through public and private partnerships. Inbreeding, genetic divergence, and reciprocal recurrent selection programs will continue to be essential to purify cultivars and exploit heterosis in economically important species.

/pdf/germplasm-enhancement-and-cultivar-development-the-need-for-1p8ivvg32x.pdf

Germplasm enhancement and cultivar development: The need for sustainable breeding

There is a need to develop the next generation of healthier crop products for an improved human and animal nutrition. Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars with improved amino acid profiles are essential to diets focused on this crop. Breeders have added crop value with the development of quality protein maize (QPM). However, QPM cultivars have never been an option to farmer and ranchers in short-season environments. The objectives of this research were: (1) to adapt QPM genotypes to the northern U.S. through the North Dakota (ND) EarlyQPM Program, and (2) to develop new early generation SS and non-SS short-season QPM lines and populations for breeding purposes. Fifty-three inbred lines, including 47 QPM donor lines, five experimental North Dakota State University (NDSU) lines, and one ex-PVP line from industry, were selected to produce 94 early-QPM backcross populations. Considering earliness, protein content, and amino acid levels, 218 early generation lines were selected for producing testcrosses with industry testers. Experiments evaluating testcrosses were arranged in 10 × 10 and 12 × 12 partially balanced lattice designs across three ND locations in 2013 and 2014. A total of 48 lines were selected for further development, 17 representing the Stiff Stalk (SS) heterotic group and 31 representing the non-SS group. Selected lines showed, in hybrid combinations, not only above average grain yield, rate of dry down, and total protein content but also high levels of lysine, tryptophan, and methionine essential amino acids for feedstock nutrition. The results of this research show, for the first time, the successful adaptation of QPM genotypes to short-season environments. As a result, new ND EarlyQPM germplasms and lines have been developed for potential release.

The ND EarlyQPM program: developing the next generation of healthier maize ( Zea mays L.) products

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The ND EarlyQPM program: developing the next generation of healthier maize ( Zea mays L.) products