We demonstrate that effects of spin-orbit coupling and inversion asymmetry exist in a single GdFeCo ferrimagnetic layer, even without a heavy metal interface. We use electric transport measurements to quantify the spin-orbit torques. We measure the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction using Brillouin light scattering measurement technique, and we observe the resulting chiral magnetic textures using x-ray PEEM microscopy. We attribute these effects to a composition variation along the thickness, that we observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy. We show that these effects can be optimized by varying the GdFeCo thickness or by combining them with interfacial effects.

Spin-orbit coupling in single layer ferrimagnets: direct observation of spin-orbit torques and chiral spin textures.

One fundamental obstacle to efficient ferromagnetic spintronics is magnetic precession, which intrinsically limits the dynamics of magnetic textures. We experimentally demonstrate that this precession vanishes when the net angular momentum is compensated in domain walls driven by spin-orbit torque in a ferrimagnetic GdFeCo/Pt track. We use transverse in-plane fields to provide a robust and parameter-free measurement of the domain wall internal magnetisation angle, demonstrating that, at the angular compensation, the DW tilt is zero, and thus the magnetic precession that caused it is suppressed. Our results highlight the mechanism of faster and more efficient dynamics in materials with multiple spin lattices and vanishing net angular momentum, promising for high-speed, low-power spintronic applications.

/pdf/measurement-of-the-tilt-of-a-moving-domain-wall-shows-35bc5vdrlj.pdf

Measurement of the tilt of a moving domain wall shows precession-free dynamics in compensated ferrimagnets.

We report the realization of fully compensated synthetic antiferromagnets (SAFs) in $\mathrm{Pt}/\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Ru}/{\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Tb}}_{x}$ multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, pronounced anomalous Hall resistances and magneto-optical responses. In particular, the properties of SAFs are systematically investigated through optimizing the thicknesses of the $\mathrm{Co}$ layer, the $\mathrm{Ru}$ spacer, and the concentration (x) of the ferrimagnet (FIM) ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Tb}}_{x}$ layers. The incorporation of the FIM ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Tb}}_{x}$ films into SAFs accelerates the search for a magnetic multilayer with fully compensated magnetism and exhibiting pronounced anomalous Hall resistance and magneto-optical signals. These advantages enable spin-orbit-torque switching and magneto-optical Kerr effect imaging experiments on the fully compensated SAFs to be readily investigated. Through incorporating FIMs into SAFs, we believe that the present material system could provide a promising platform not only for adequately addressing the fully compensated spin dynamics of SAFs at room temperature, but also for developing intriguing SAF-based spin-orbitronic devices.

Fully Compensated Synthetic Antiferromagnets with Pronounced Anomalous Hall and Magneto-Optical Responses

One fundamental obstacle to efficient ferromagnetic spintronics is magnetic precession, which intrinsically limits the dynamics of magnetic textures, We demonstrate that the domain wall precession fully vanishes with a record mobility when the net angular momentum is compensated (TAC) in DWs driven by spin-orbit torque in a ferrimagnetic GdFeCo/Pt track. We use transverse in-plane fields to reveal the internal structure of DWs and provide a robust and parameter-free measurement of TAC. Our results highlight the mechanism of faster and more efficient dynamics in materials with multiple spin lattices and reduced net angular momentum, promising for high-speed, low-power spintronics applications.

/pdf/precession-free-domain-wall-dynamics-in-compensated-1qgmpva3eg.pdf

Precession-free domain wall dynamics in compensated ferrimagnets

Rare earth (RE)–transition metal (TM) ferrimagnetic thin films have attracted significant interest for their broad range of functionalities associated with the reduced net magnetization. Here, we study the magnetic properties of Tb-based RE–TM ferrimagnetic [Tbx(FeCo)1−x] thin films. We find that the Tb concentration at which the magnetic moments of the RE- and TM- sublattices compensate increases with decreasing film thickness when the films are grown on Pt underlayers. For the thinnest TbFeCo films (1.5 nm-thick), the magnetic compensation is not observed at room temperature, suggesting that the Tb atoms do not contribute to the magnetization. In these thin films, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) increases when a thin Co layer is inserted, while it drops to zero when a thin Tb layer is inserted. Such contrasting behavior reveals that the PMA originates from the Pt/Co interface. The Tb concentration at which magnetic compensation occurs decreases when the underlayer is changed from Pt to Ta. We infer that Tb becomes magnetically inactive due to intermixing with the Pt underlayer, causing the reduction in PMA. 

Ferrimagnetic compensation and its thickness dependence in TbFeCo alloy thin films

Ferrimagnetic TbFe or TbFeCo amorphous alloy thin films have been grown by co-evaporation in ultra-high vacuum. They exhibit an out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy up to their Curie temperature with a nucleation and propagation reversal mechanism suitable for current induced domain wall motion. Rutherford back scattering experiments confirmed a fine control of the Tb depth-integrated composition within the evaporation process. However, a large set of experimental techniques were used to evidence an interface related contribution in such thin films as compared to much thicker samples. In particular, scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments evidence a depth dependent composition and perturbed top and bottom interfaces with preferential oxidation and diffusion of terbium. Despite of that, amorphous and homogeneous alloy film remains in a bulk-like part. The composition of that bulk-like part of the magnetic layer, labeled as effective composition, is biased when compared with the depth-integrated composition. The magnetic properties of the film are mostly dictated by this effective composition, which we show changes with different top and bottom interfaces.

/pdf/role-of-interfaces-in-the-biased-composition-of-tbfe-co-thin-2vnqo2q0cb.pdf

Role of interfaces in the biased composition of TbFe(Co) thin films

Ferrimagnetic TbFe or TbFeCo amorphous alloy thin films have been grown by coevaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. They exhibit an out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy up to their Curie temperature with a nucleation and propagation reversal mechanism suitable for current induced domain wall motion. Rutherford backscattering experiments confirmed a fine control of the Tb depth-integrated composition within the evaporation process. However, a large set of experimental techniques were used to evidence an interface related contribution in such thin films as compared to much thicker samples. In particular, scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments evidence a depth dependent composition and perturbed top and bottom interfaces with preferential oxidation and diffusion of terbium. Despite that, amorphous and homogeneous alloy film remains in a bulklike part. The composition of that bulklike part of the magnetic layer, labeled as effective composition, is biased when compared with the depth-integrated composition. The magnetic properties of the film are mostly dictated by this effective composition, which we show changes with different top and bottom interfaces.

/pdf/deviations-from-bulk-behavior-in-tbfe-co-thin-films-2f924dp45r.pdf

Deviations from bulk behavior in TbFe(Co) thin films: Interfaces contribution in the biased composition

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Role of interfaces in the biased composition of TbFe(Co) thin films

Deviations from bulk behavior in TbFe(Co) thin films: Interfaces contribution in the biased composition