The progress of macrolide chemistry and biochemistry over the past several years has indeed been remarkable. This review attempts to cover the important contributions which have been made in the fields of structural and synthetic chemistry as well as in the biosynthesis and mode of antimicrobial activity of the “polyoxo” macrolide antibiotics. Emphasis has been placed on the recent synthetic achievements in this field.

Macrolides. Recent progress in chemistry and biochemistry.

In den letzten Jahren haben sich Chemie und Biochemie der Makrolide eindrucksvoll weiterentwickelt. In dieser Ubersicht ist versucht worden, die wesentlichen Arbeiten auf den Gebieten der Strukturermittlung, der chemischen Synthese, der Biochemie und der antimikrobiellen Aktivitat vor allem der Polyoxomakrolid-Antibiotica zusammenzufassen. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei die Fortschritte der Makrolid-Synthese.

Makrolide. Neuere Fortschritte ihrer Chemie und Biochemie

During the last decade increasing attention has been directed towards the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the biological activity of phytotoxins. Studies on the mode of action of some non-host-selective phytotoxins, some following on from previous observations, have demonstrated a very specific interaction with particular components of the cell machinery, and have suggested the possible use of these phytotoxins as tools for the investigation of important biochemical processes. This review article reports and discusses results of studies carried out in the 1980s with seven non-host-selective fungal toxins: brefeldin A, cercosporin,Cercospora beticola toxin, fusicoccin, ophiobolins, tentoxin, and zinniol. Each of these interferes with the life of the host by interacting with a different biochemical target.

Non-host-selective fungal phytotoxins: Biochemical aspects of their mode of action

Brefeldin A has been recently characterized to act as an inhibitor of intracellular protein export with profound effects on the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells. Manifold activities of the antibiotic (under different names) published in the 1960's and 1970's are reviewed: effects on fungal growth and morphogenesis, inhibition of mitosis in plant cells, cytotoxicity, cancerostatic, antiviral and antinematodal activity and peculiar effects on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in microbial and animal cells.

Biological effects of the antibiotic brefeldin A (decumbin, cyanein, ascotoxin, synergisidin): a retrospective.

The constitution of Brefeldin A, a mold metabolite from Penicillium brefeldianum DODGE, has been elucidated as 1 by chemical degradation.

Die Konstitution von Brefeldin A

The molecular formula of decumbin is C16H24O4. The four oxygen atoms correspond to two free secondary hydroxyl groups and a lactone moiety. The five rings or double bonds required by the molecular formula are assigned to a strain-free α-β unsaturated lactone ring, the lactone carbonyl, a second unit which absorbs a mole of hydrogen perhaps a cyclopropane ring, and another more stable ring presumably a five or six-membered carbocycle. There is only one C-methyl group by the Kuhn-Roth procedure. Decumbin and a more recently reported compound called brefeldin A are evidently identical.

Chemical Characterization of the Mold Product Decumbin

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Chemical Characterization of the Mold Product Decumbin