Nature's repertoire of biosynthetic transformations has recently been recognized to include the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Evidence now exists that there are enzymes that mediate the Diels-Alder reaction in secondary metabolic biosynthetic pathways. 2002 marked the 100th anniversary of Alder's birth and 75 years since the discovery of the Diels-Alder reaction. It would appear that living systems discovered and made use of this ubiquitously useful ring-forming reaction eons ago for the construction of complex natural products. In this Review an overview is given of all of the known classes of natural products (polyketides, isoprenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids) that have been speculated to arise by a biological Diels-Alder reaction.

Chemistry and Biology of Biosynthetic Diels–Alder Reactions

Disulfide, as a common structural motif, has been frequently used in pharmaceuticals, nature products, and chemical biology. This chapter focuses on the methodologies that were reported recently for the synthesis of disulfide-containing compounds with particular emphasis on the synthesis of unsymmetrical disulfides. The presentation is organized according to the structure of the disulfides and the synthetic method.

Sulfur–Sulfur Bond Construction

Waste to catalyst: Role of agricultural waste in water and wastewater treatment.

Seit kurzem ist bekannt, dass Diels-Alder-Cycloadditionen zum Reaktionsrepertoir lebender Systeme gehoren. Es gibt auch Anzeichen fur eine vermittelnde Wirkung von Enzymen in Diels-Alder-Reaktionen bei der Biosynthese von Sekundarmetaboliten. 2002 jahrte sich der Geburtstag von Alder zum 100. Mal und waren 75 Jahre seit der Entdeckung der Diels-Alder-Reaktion vergangen. Es scheint, als ob lebende Systeme schon vor Aonen diese uberaus vielseitige und nutzliche Ringschlussreaktion entdeckt hatten und seitdem zum Aufbau komplexer Naturstoffe nutzen. Wir geben hier einen Uberblick uber Naturstoffe verschiedener Verbindungsklassen (Polyketide, Isoprenoide, Phenylpropanoide, Alkaloide), bei deren Biosynthese eine Beteiligung von Diels-Alder-Reaktionen, katalysiert oder unkatalysiert, vermutet wird.

Chemie und Biologie natürlicher Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen

Iridoid glucosides from Picconia excelsa

Cow dung extracts are prepared using ethanol and methanol as solvents. Electronic absorption spectra of cow dung extracts have exhibited wide absorption in UV and visible region between 300 and 730 nm. The absorption of cow dung extracts showed variations in intensity and absorption peaks at different wavelengths, which can be attributed to presence of diverse photosynthetic pigments corresponding to polarity of applied solvents. The observed pigments of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in the cow dung extracts can be ascribed to the feeding behavior of the cow. The FTIR and UV-vis absorption results disclosed that the sensitization of ZnO photoanode is mainly due to the chlorophylls present in the cow dung extract. The methyl group in the chlorophyll molecules from an ideal bond with ZnO nanoparticles that enables transfer of electrons from chlorophyll molecules to ZnO conduction band. The solar cells sensitized with cow dung extract in methanol has delivered highest energy conversion efficiency of 0.102%, which could be ascribed to presence of relatively a greater number of photosynthetic pigments. 

Cow Dung Extract as a Low-Cost and Natural Sensitizer for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Photoanode Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell: A Novel Initiative for Waste to Energy Conversion

Investigation of Optical Properties and Photovoltaic Performance of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Comprised of Photoanodes of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Calcinated at Different Temperatures

Pure enantiomers of two diastereomeric Aspidosperma alkaloid analogues antipodal at the spiro and adjacent centres have been prepared, as kinetic and thermodynamic products, respectively, in a biomimetic sequence via a secodine-like intermediate from a secologanin derivative and Kuehne's indolo-azepine.

Enantiospecific, Diastereoselective Synthesis of Aspidosperma Alkaloid Analogues from Secologanin.

A facile and green route was followed to synthesize copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures using Vitex negundo and Euphorbia milii leaf extracts. Structural, elemental, chemical, spectral and morphological features of the CuO nanostructures were determined by XRD, EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and FESEM, respectively. The CuO nanostructures disclosed considerably higher antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria over commercial antibiotic (Vancomycin). This enhanced antibacterial activity could be credited to the generation of more ROS associated with oxygen vacancy and size of the CuO nanostructures. Particularly, hierarchical CuO nanoparticles/nanorods prepared using V. negundo leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity due to their lower size range. 

Vitex negundo and Euphorbia milii leaf extracts aided green synthesis of copper oxide nanostructures for effective inactivation of pathogenic bacteria

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Cow Dung Extract as a Low-Cost and Natural Sensitizer for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Photoanode Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell: A Novel Initiative for Waste to Energy Conversion

Investigation of Optical Properties and Photovoltaic Performance of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Comprised of Photoanodes of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Calcinated at Different Temperatures

Enantiospecific, Diastereoselective Synthesis of Aspidosperma Alkaloid Analogues from Secologanin.

Vitex negundo and Euphorbia milii leaf extracts aided green synthesis of copper oxide nanostructures for effective inactivation of pathogenic bacteria