In recent years, the removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater systems remains a challenging issue globally. Adsorption technology is widely used for the removal of heavy metals from aquatic systems due to several advantages including its simple operation, low cost and high efficiency. Biochar, which is an environmental benign and low-cost adsorbent, is increasingly used for remediation of heavy metal pollution in aquatic systems. This review critically analyzes recent developments on the biochar-based adsorptive removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater. Biochar is effective for the removal of several toxic metals (As, Cr and Mn) from groundwater and drinking water. Biochar also shows promising performance for the removal of various heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn) from wastewater. The heavy metal adsorption capacity of the biochar largely depends on the water/wastewater chemistry (pH, competing ions and initial concentrations of adsorbates), contact time between adsorbates and the adsorbent, adsorbent dose and environmental parameters (temperature). The adsorption isotherms and kinetics can be well explained by the Langmuir and pseudo-second order models, respectively. The key mechanisms which drive the heavy metal adsorption onto biochar include precipitation and ion exchange. Biochar-based adsorptive decontamination of heavy metal pollution is sustainable due to low environmental impacts, low energy consumption and low-costs. The key knowledge gaps and future research directions for improvement of biochar-based sorption capacities are highlighted. This review would help for the development of effective biochar-based adsorption technology for the removal of heavy metals from aquatic environments. 

Use of biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater: A Review

A review on algal biosorbents for heavy metal remediation with different adsorption isotherm models

The objective of this study is to transform chitosan biopolymer by crosslinking with barbituric acid into an amine-rich product that could be applied as a water treatment agent. Chitosan-barbituric acid (CBA) was synthesized by lyophilization process and characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA-DTA, SEM-EDX, BET surface area and BJH pore size distribution analysis. The pHpzc was found to be 7.7 indicating applicability towards both cations and anion adsorption. The CBA was used for seizure of CrVI and CN– from aqueous solutions in batch adsorption as well as fixed bed column experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used as a statistical tool to optimize the functioning parameters resulting in more than 90 % removal of these ions. As shown by isotherm and kinetics data, Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics exhibited a good fit for the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacities of CBA towards CrVI and CN– evaluated using Langmuir isotherm fitment were 534.75 mg g−1 and 251.66 mg g−1 at pH 4.0 and 6.0 respectively. Thermodynamic studies indicated spontaneous and enthalpy driven course with large negative enthalpy changes of −56.39 and −31.81 kJ mol−1 respectively. Fixed bed column studies showed that the material could be used for larger sample volume treatment even at 200 mg/L CrVI and 100 mg/L CN−1 concentration. Regeneration studies of adsorbent was conducted over five adsorption–desorption cycles with removal efficiency more than 50 %indicating reusability of the adsorbent. Analysis of adsorbent sustainability revealed that the synthesis was eco-friendly as indicated by low value of E-factor of 0.32. 

A novel Chitosan-Barbituric acid hydrogel supersorbent for sequestration of chromium and cyanide ions: Equilibrium studies and optimization through RSM

The removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous solution by Agro-waste

In this study, banana peel powder (BPP) was used to remove carcinogenic crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solution. The BPP adsorbent was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In batch sorption experiments, the maximum removal of CV was recorded 93% at optimum levels of operating parameters, i.e., pH 7.0, adsorbent dosage 0.1 g, contact time 10 min, initial adsorbate concentration 90 ppm and temperature 20 C o. The kinetics of the adsorption process was found best to follow the pseudo first order model with high value of R2 (0.9999) and low values of error functions. The Langmuir isotherm model was the best fit with high R2 (0.9552) low values of error models. The plots of Freundlich and D-R isotherms confirmed the feasibility (n = 1.3109 L g−1) and the physisorption nature (Es= 0.1107 kJ mol−1) of the process respectively. The negative values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG & ΔH) revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature respectively. The results of the desorption study showed that 91% of the adsorbent was regenerated. The novelty of the present research is that no work has been reported till date to remove crystal violet dye by using banana peel specifically. The high adsorption and desorption efficiencies (>90%) suggest that BPP possesses characteristics to be used as an effective, fast and low-cost adsorbent for adsorption of CV dye from industrial effluents. HIGHLIGHTSAdsorption technique was employed to remove crystal violet dye by using banana peel powder.The hydroxyl (OH−) & carboxylate (OH−) groups on adsorbent surface provided excellent binding with adsorbate molecules.Equilibrium attainment in 10 min at neutral pH.93% adsorption and 91% desorption. 

Adsorptive removal of hazardous crystal violet dye onto banana peel powder: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Adsorption Kinetics describes the rate at which solute is adsorbed and the resident time of the adsorbates on the solid-liquid interface. Adsorption isotherms play important role in determining the interaction between adsorbate and adsorbent and the optimum adsorption capacity of adsorbent. This article considered selected adsorption kinetics and isotherms models. Pseudo first order, Pseudo second order, Elovich, Bhattacharya and Venkobachar, and Natarajan and Khalaf were adsorption kinetics reviewed on the assumption that the process behaves as heterogeneous reaction at solid-liquid interface. Adsorption kinetics equation presented takes the form of straight line, the slopes and intercepts of the plots are used to determine adsorption capacity of adsorbent, rate constant, rate of adsorption and intraparticle diffusion. Value of correlation coefficient obtained is used in determining the adsorption kinetics model that best describe the adsorption process. Langmuir, Freundlich, Radlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevic adsorption isotherms were presented. Their slopes and intercepts provide insight on adsorption affinity, mean free energy, whether the adsorption is physisorption or chemisorptions, single or multilayer. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms reviewed provide essential information required for understanding adsorption process. 
Keywords:   Adsorption; kinetics; isotherms; pseudo first order; Langmuir

/pdf/adsorption-kinetics-and-isotherm-models-a-review-2982yx40.pdf

Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Models: A Review

Aims: Mosquito coil is a common insect repellant used in many homes to repel and kill mosquitoes that transmit diseases and another insect pest. The present study was conducted to explore the potency of the commonly used brand of mosquito coil containing pyrethroids against Culex quinquefasciatus in Gombe and its communities. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological sciences insectary laboratory of Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria between August and December 2017. Methodology: Four (4) different brands tagged; C1, C2, C3 and C4 containing 0.08% Merperflutrin, 0.2% Pyrethroids, 0.05% Transflutrine + 0.1% Esbiothrin and 0.25% d-Trans-allethrin respectively were investigated. Ten (10) reared adult mosquitoes were transferred separately into Original Research Article Shuiabu et al.; AJRID, 6(1): 32-39, 2021; Article no.AJRID.64592 33 various containers using an aspirator. Data on knockdown time and Adult mortality were recorded. All the data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant difference between the treatments at P=.05. Results: Merperflutrin 0.08%, Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% and 0.25% d-Transalletrin recorded highest mortality of 100% each and 0.2% Pyrethroids recorded 96% mortality at 24hours of exposure to the treatment respectively. The mortality is timedependent and all the treatments show significant mortality at P=.05. Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% recorded the lowest KT50 value of 2.41 min. Conclusion: Merperflutrin 0.08%, and Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% have the highest efficacy; faster knockdown rate and could be used as a repellent in minimizing the population of the indoor resting density of mosquitoes’ species in our homes.

/pdf/efficacy-of-commonly-used-mosquito-coils-containing-2qxuc14dbb.pdf

Efficacy of Commonly Used Mosquito Coils Containing Pyrethrin against Lymphatic Filariasis Vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) in Gombe

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Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Models: A Review

Efficacy of Commonly Used Mosquito Coils Containing Pyrethrin against Lymphatic Filariasis Vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) in Gombe