Vision and research directions of 6G technologies and applications

Recently, the wearable internet of things (WIoT) has brought a new dimension of connectivity to wireless body area networks (WBANs). For instance, the WIoT provides valuable functions, such as collecting, analyzing, and transmitting data for real-time health monitoring of medical services. However, designing a clustering and routing protocol is challenging because WIoT attributes are subject to high interference in dense deployment, social mobility, and limited energy. In a WIoT-enabled WBAN, cooperative control is the fundamental function of clustering and routing. Cluster-based routing protocols are preferred for WBAN because of their scalability. However, one-hop neighbor-based clustering approaches do not ensure connectivity and reachability owing to node mobility. The existing two-hop-based clustering protocols are mostly centralized-based approaches, which are unsuitable for dynamic WBANs. In this paper, we propose a distributed energy-efficient two-hop-based clustering and routing protocol (DECR) targeting WIoT-enabled WBAN. In DECR, in the cluster formation phase, each node obtains the information of its neighbor nodes within the two-hop range. We utilize the modified grey-wolf optimization algorithm for the cluster head (CH) selection and routing optimization. Node connectivity and residual energy were jointly considered when determining the CH in each cluster. We also developed an analytical model to determine the optimal number of clusters by considering intra- and inter-cluster transmission distances to reduce the overall transmission distance and number of transmissions. Finally, we proposed a routing algorithm to ensure energy-efficient packet delivery from CH to sink. Our simulation outcomes revealed that the proposed DECR significantly outperforms the existing clustering and routing protocols in various performance metrics. 

/pdf/distributed-energy-efficient-clustering-and-routing-for-5uun2dv7.pdf

Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering and Routing for Wearable IoT Enabled Wireless Body Area Networks

/pdf/a-systematic-review-on-energy-efficiency-in-the-internet-of-9yfhfu0x.pdf

A systematic review on energy efficiency in the internet of underwater things (IoUT): Recent approaches and research gaps

In the field of information and communication technology, the Internet of Things is regarded as a brand-new and important technology. The introduction of new protocols in this area is caused by the presence of devices in these networks with constrained resources and relatively low computing power. One of the most well-known routing protocols for low-power devices is the RPL protocol. This algorithm cannot take into account all of the required routing goals at once. This article introduces a proposed data-oriented RPL algorithm that divides data during routing according to their content. This can decrease the amount of duplicate data transferred through the network, shorten the communication system's delay, conserve the node's limited energy, and prolong the network's lifespan. The effectiveness of RPL can be increased by selecting the best route utilizing the Binary Gray Wolf Optimization. The best parent node in the routing procedure is chosen using an objective function during the tree construction phase. This objective function is built using fuzzy logic and the Binary Gray Wolf Optimization in the suggested technique. The results of Matlab 2022a and OMNET environment tests have shown that the proposed method has increased the efficiency of energy consumption and reduced the period of instability and end-to-end delay. that the ratio of the instability period in the proposed method is much less than the other three methods, so that the ratio of the instability period is 57% for the proposed method in the ORPL and Qos RPL methods, it is equal to 80%, and in the RPL method it is equal to 89%. This problem shows that the proposed method is more stable, or, in other words, it has been active for a longer period of time with the maximum number of nodes. 

Increasing efficiency for routing in internet of things using Binary Gray Wolf Optimization and fuzzy logic

The health industry is one of the most auspicious domains for the application of Internet of Things (IoT) based technologies. Lots of studies have been carried out in the health industry field to minimize the use of resources and increase the efficiency. The use of IoT combined with other technologies has brought quality advancement in the health sector at minimum expense. One such technology is the use of wireless body area networks (WBANs), which will help patients incredibly in the future and will make them more productive because there will be no need for staying at home or a hospital for a long time. WBANs and IoT have an integrated future as WBANs, like any IoT application, are a collection of heterogeneous sensor-based devices. For the better amalgamation of the IoT and WBANs, several hindrances blocking their integration need to be addressed. One such problem is the efficient routing of data in limited resource sensor nodes (SNs) in WBANs. To solve this and other problems, such as transmission of duplicate sensed data, limited network lifetime, etc., energy harvested and cooperative-enabled efficient routing protocol (EHCRP) for IoT-WBANs is proposed. The proposed protocol considers multiple parameters of WBANs for efficient routing such as residual energy of SNs, number of hops towards the sink, node congestion levels, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and available network bandwidth. A path cost estimation function is calculated to select forwarder node using these parameters. Due to the efficient use of the path-cost estimation process, the proposed mechanism achieves efficient and effective multi-hop routing of data and improves the reliability and efficiency of data transmission over the network. After extensive simulations, the achieved results of the proposed protocol are compared with state-of-the-art techniques, i.e., E-HARP, EB-MADM, PCRP and EERP. The results show significant improvement in network lifetime, network throughout, and end-to-end delay.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6267/pdf

Energy Harvested and Cooperative Enabled Efficient Routing Protocol (EHCRP) for IoT-WBAN.

/pdf/estimation-of-noise-levels-in-the-road-side-parks-and-study-3lrywpzj3c.pdf

Estimation of noise levels in the road side parks and study of its impacts on health of visitors in faisalabad

High antioxidants level in food is gradually becoming popular because of the enhanced risk of oxidative stress in humans. Bread wheat is rich in vital antioxidants but its major bioactive compounds are not available for the human. This study was conducted with the aim to enhance the phytochemical constituents and antioxidative activity of wheat grains by fermenting it with the use of Bacillus subtilis KCTC 13241. The antioxidative potential was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl- hydrazyl) and ABTS (3-ethyl-benzothiazo- line-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay as well by the concentration of amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. Different varieties showed different free radical scavenging potential on fermentation, which was significantly high with respect to their corresponding unfermented wheat varieties. The highest potential was found in a fermented wheat variety named Namhae and this combination can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

/pdf/biochemical-constituents-and-in-vitro-antioxidant-potential-567xbt5f7i.pdf

Biochemical Constituents and In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Wheat Grains Using Bacillus subtilis

CD4 antig en is important to act as th e prim ary receptor for the HIV. In order to understand th e human CD4 gene and to determine its evolutionary aspects, we characterized this gene in detail in six different organisms. A comparative study was made of nucleotide length variations, intron and exon sizes and number variations, differential compositions of coding to non-coding bases, etc., to look for similarities/dissimilarities in the CD4 gene across all six taxa. Phylogenetic analysis showed the pattern found in other genes, as Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes were placed in a single clade, and Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in another. We further focused on the two primates and aligned the amino acid sequences; there were small differences between humans and chimpanzees; both were more different from the other organisms.

Comparative Genomic Analysis and Evolutionary Study of CD4 Antigen

Internet of things grew swiftly and many services, software, sensors-embedded electronic devices and related protocols were developed and still in progress with full swing. Internet of things enabl...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147720964358

Trust-based energy-efficient routing protocol for Internet of things–based sensor networks:

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