Genus Artemisia is cosmopolitan in distribution and its several species are being used in folk therapeutic treatments worldwide. In this study, elemental compositions of seventeen indigenous species (Artemisia scoparia, Artemisiaabsinthium, Acalypha indica, Artemisia santolinifolia, Abronia maritima, Artemisiavulgaris, Artemisia japonica, Artemisia nilagirica, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisiaannua, Artemisia brevifolia, A. moorcroftiana, Artemisia dracunculus, Aglaiaroxburghiana and Artemisia dubia) that are commonly used against ailments in Pakistan were studied for the first time through atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods. It is observed that these species contain nine trace elements namely Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe and four major elements that are K, Na, Ca and Mg. Further it is observed that in few sepses the concentration of heavy metals are found over and above the normal concentration levels than the international safety standards prescribed for medicinal plants. This study also discusses the impacts of heavy metal toxicity in humans.

	 

	Key words: Artemisia, elemental analysis, medicinal herbs, medicinal plants, heavy metal poisoning.

/pdf/a-study-on-elemental-contents-of-medicinally-important-2f28uuak3b.pdf

A study on elemental contents of medicinally important species of Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) found in Pakistan.

We have isolated five endophytic fungi from the roots of Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus and Glycine max. The culture filtrates (CF) of these endophytes were screened on dwarf mutant rice (Waito-C) and normal rice (Dongjin-byeo). Endophyte CAC-1A significantly inhibited the growth of Waito-C and Dongjin-byeo. Endophyte CAC-1A was identified as Paraconiothyrium sp. by sequencing the ITS rDNA region and phylogenetic analysis. The ethyl acetate fraction of Paraconiothyrium sp. suppressed the germination of Lactuca sativa and Echinochloa crus-galli seeds. The ethyl acetate fraction of the endophyte was subjected to bioassay-guided isolation and we obtained the phytotoxic compound ascotoxin (1) which was characterized through NMR and GC/MS techniques. Ascotoxin revealed 100% inhibitory effects on seed germination of Echinochloa crus-galli. Compound (1) was isolated for the first time from Paraconiothyrium sp.

The Newly Isolated Endophytic Fungus Paraconiothyrium sp. LK1 Produces Ascotoxin

An attempt has been made in this article to accumulate and elucidate the literatures about the allelopathic potentiality of medicinal plants, and its role on the development of bio-herbicides for eco-friendly weed management strategies to conserve bio-diversity and ecological balance. This review paper has been prepared by comprehensive studies of various published research articles, books and proceedings available in the world literature. The farmers of different countries use several weed management techniques in order to minimize the deleterious effect of weeds. Among them most commonly used practice is application of herbicides due to its high efficacy and cost effectiveness, less time-consuming nature, flexibility and easy accessibility, and more rapid out return. Although use of synthetic herbicides in the crop fields has increased the crop production as well as the productivity by reducing the weed infestation, over time it causes a number of environmental hazards. Hence, to avoid these detrimental effects of synthetic herbicide, a lot of efforts have been dedicated by the researchers to search the novel natural plant products mainly allelochemicals and try to apply them as a tool for the development of bio-degradable natural herbicides. This paper intended to reflect the current state of allelopathic medicinal plants and their potentiality to develop eco-friendly and natural product-based herbicides for sustainable agriculture, and to invite further debate on this issue.

/pdf/allelopathy-of-medicinal-plants-current-status-and-future-22r4ns9s5a.pdf

Allelopathy of Medicinal Plants: Current Status and Future Prospects in Weed Management

Safranal, the main volatile chemical of Saffron (Crocus sativus) was studied to estimate its allelopathic effects on the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, leaf electrolyte leakage, fresh weight, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activity of the test plant Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). In this study, the effective concentration (EC50) of safranal on CAT was estimated to be 6.12 µg/cm3. CAT activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the increase in the safranal concentration while POX activity was increased. Moreover, Safranal caused significant physiological changes in chlorophyll content, leaf electrolyte leakage, and fresh weight of several weed species with Lolium multiflorum being the most sensitive. Furthermore, 5 µM Safranal showed significant inhibitory activity against dicotyledonous in comparison to the monocotyledons under greenhouse conditions. The inhibition of the CAT by safranal was similar to those of uncompetitive inhibitors, and therefore the decline in carbon fixation by plants might be the mechanism behind the inhibitory activity of safranal.

/pdf/evaluation-of-biological-response-of-lettuce-lactuca-sativa-4bf6yzqxjf.pdf

Evaluation of Biological Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Weeds to Safranal Allelochemical of Saffron (Crocus sativus) by Using Static Exposure Method

Inula koelzii of Astereaceae, an endemic plant growing at Ladakh and Kashmir regions, has been observed a potential allelopathic plant species. Further observing its allelopathic role, four subfractions (hexane, chloroform, butanol and water) were extracted from 80% MeOH of the aerial plant material. While using EDX technique for inorganic profile of each subfraction, it revealed 18 different elements i.e., C, O, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ag, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Si, S and P. However, C, O, K, Fe, Zn and Co was present in highest percentages in each subfraction. Overall, chloroform (CHCl3) revealed a composition of 13 different elements and the most abundant were Cl, K, Ca, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu and Al. To know the allelopathic effect of each subfraction, dish pack method was used for bioassay with a concentration gradient of 10, 30, 100 and 300ppm. The significant chloroform subfraction had highest specific activity compared to other four fractions and presented 85% inhibitory effect to germination of lettuce seeds. Hexane subfraction presented dose-response effect, while butanol and water subfraction presented stimulatory effects.

Inorganic profile and allelopathic effect of endemic inula koelzii from himalaya pakistan

Inula falconeri, Inula koelzii, Lactuca dissecta and Anthemis nobilis were collected from Himalaya and Hindukush ranges of Pakistan and their allelopathic effect was studied through Sandwich and Homogenated Sandwich methods. The study also aimed at analyzing whether method and concentration can affect the overall results. The results showed that method has no significant value; however, concentration of leaf leachates has highly significant value for exploring the inhibition or stimulation pattern of the plant species.

/pdf/assessment-of-allelopathic-potential-of-selected-medicinal-imihv8h9dd.pdf

Assessment of allelopathic potential of selected medicinal plants of Pakistan.

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Assessment of allelopathic potential of selected medicinal plants of Pakistan.