Soil Chemical Analysis

Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition

Interaction among plant nutrients can yield antagonistic or synergistic outcomes that influence nutrient use efficiency. To provide insight on this phenomenon, peer-reviewed articles were selected ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00103624.2017.1407429

Effects of Nutrient Antagonism and Synergism on Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency

Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual

Billions of people and many soils across the planet suffer from micronutrient (MN) deficiencies impairing human health. In general, fertilization of deficient soils, according to soil test, with MNs alone and in combination with nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) baseline treatment increases crop yield. The soil applied fertilizer-MN use efficiency (MUE) by crops is <5 % due to a lack of synchronization between the fertilizer-MN release and their crop demand during growth. Nanotechnology and biotechnology have the potential to play a prominent place in transforming agricultural systems and food production worldwide in the coming years. MNs added in microcapsules and nanocapsules, nanomaterials (NMs), and nanoparticles (NPs) are taken up and translocated within plants when grown to maturity, increasing crop yield and MN concentration in plants. Noteworthy, many of the effects of NPs and NMs on crop yield and quality, human health, and associated environmental risks remain to be explored. Increasing MUE requires synchronizing the release of nutrients from fertilizers with crop demand during the growing season. Development of intelligent MN fertilizer delivery platforms (IMNDP) may be possible on the basis of elucidating communication signals between plant roots and soil microorganisms. Important benefits from the development and farm adoption of intelligent MN delivery platforms include increased MUE, reduced fertilizer use, and minimal toxicity and environmental impacts. This article proposes for the first time a novel model for IMNDP to enhance MUE and food quality by enabling the synchronization of MN release from fertilizers according to crop demand.

Nanotechnologies for increasing the crop use efficiency of fertilizer-micronutrients

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), caused by cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBV), has emerged as a major threat to cotton production in Pakistan. Resistance to CLCuBV was evaluated in cultivated and wild cotton genotypes representing six Gossypium species by visual symptom scoring and virus assessment using PCR tests. Considerable variation in responses was observed when using whitefly and graft transmission to inoculate Gossypium genotypes with CLCuBV in field and greenhouse experiments. Under field evaluation, all cultivated genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum and three genotypes of G. barbadense were susceptible. Eleven genotypes that represented six wild and cultivated Gossypium species were considered to be highly resistant as they were free from infection. Similar results were obtained when these genotypes were tested using whitefly transmission. To verify these findings, 132 cultivated and wild genotypes were tested by graft inoculation. All G. hirsutum genotypes (116 cultivated, 1 wild, 1 transgenic Coker-312 and 1 non-transgenic Coker-312), three G. barbadense genotypes and one G. thurberi genotype were highly susceptible and exhibited symptoms 9-12 days after grafting. Four genotypes of G. arboreum and one genotype of G. anomalum did not express symptoms but had a detectable level of virus. One genotype of G. herbaceum and three wild genotypes of G. hirsutum showed mild symptoms (severity indexes of 1-2) and exhibited delayed disease development. These genotypes were classified as moderately resistant to resistant. Resistant genotypes that were identified in this study will be useful sources for exploitation of breeding programmes aimed at developing CLCuBV-resistant varieties and increasing genetic diversity.

Evaluation of Gossypium species for resistance to cotton leaf curl Burewala virus

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of urea applied in different concentrations and at different stages on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cv. “Kiran-95” under agro-climatic condition of Sindh. The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design having two factors with four repeats. Six concentrations of urea i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% as foliar application along with 60 and 120 kg N ha -1 were applied as soil application. The results revealed that foliar application of urea significantly increased plant height, spike length, number of grains spike -1 , hundred grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and N uptake by the crop. The foliar spray of 4% urea solution was found to be most effective for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative traits when sprayed at tillering, stem elongation and boot stage. The grain yield was increased by 32% when 4% urea solution was applied as foliar spray. Further increase in the concentrations of urea spray was not found to be useful and economical as it declined the grain yield by 25% or even more probably due to its toxicity.

Response of wheat to foliar and soil application of urea at different growth stages.

/pdf/zinc-nutrition-of-wheat-ii-interaction-of-zinc-with-other-5g5googajw.pdf

Zinc Nutrition of Wheat: II: Interaction of Zinc with other Trace Elements

The adsorption of nutrient elements is one of the most important solid‐ and liquid‐phase interactions determining the retention and release of applied plant nutrients and the efficiency of fertilization. The study showed that the soils with high cation exchange capacity (CEC), CaCO3, organic matter contents, and heavy texture adsorbed more zinc (Zn). The alkaline soils from Pakistan adsorbed more Zn than English acidic soils. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm fit was excellent, and r2 values for the Langmuir isotherm were highly significant (r2=0.84 to 0.99). The Langmuir b values, representing the adsorptive capacity of a soil, increased as the texture fineness increased in the soil, with increases in the concentration of adsorptive material (such as organic matter and CaCO3) and with increases in CEC and pH. The alkaline soils from Pakistan had higher bonding energy constant and higher log Kf values than the acidic English soils. Sequential extraction of Zn in these soils showed that most of the...

Zinc Sorption in Selected Soils

Lithium: Perspectives of nutritional beneficence, dietary intake, biogeochemistry, and biofortification of vegetables and mushrooms.

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