Equine infectious diseases.

Increased high-temperature extremes and associated population exposure in Africa by the mid-21st century

The risk of heatwave events and their persistence has intensified in recent past and is expected to increase faster in future. However, the anticipated changes in socioeconomic exposure to heatwaves are still unexplored. Here, we investigate the projected heat stress and associated socioeconomic exposure across South Asia (SA) and its subregions using the newly released ensemble mean of 23 global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) projections. We used two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), namely SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, and three-time periods, that is, near-term, midterm, and long-term relative to the base period (1985–2005). We found that SA region has the potential for widespread changes to Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) of 6.5°C, which can exceed the theoretical limits of human tolerance by the mid of 21st century. The SA population's exposure significantly increases during midterm and long-term periods by ∼ person-hours under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. The GDP exposure is the greatest for the same period's up to dollar-hours under the SSP2-4.5. Moreover, the foothills Himalayans and northern parts of Pakistan are presently unaffected by WBGT during midterm and long-term periods under both scenarios. Among subregions (hereafter R1, R2, R3, and R4), the frequency of subdaily WBGT is projected to increase in the region R2 and R4 by ∼70% and ∼90% under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios relative to the base period. The highest upsurge in exposure is anticipated for R2, including southern Pakistan and southwestern India, followed by R1 and R3. Notably, the climate effect is more dominant than the population, whereas changes in GDP effect contribute to the total change in GDP exposure. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2021EF002240

Projected Changes in Socioeconomic Exposure to Heatwaves in South Asia Under Changing Climate

Drought is an intricate atmospheric phenomenon with the greatest impacts on food security and agriculture in South Asia. Timely and appropriate forecasting of drought is vital in reducing its negative impacts. This study intended to explore the performance of the evaporative stress index (ESI), vegetation health index (VHI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and standardized anomaly index (SAI) based on satellite remote sensing data from 2002–2019 for agricultural drought assessment in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The spatial maps were generated against each index, which indicated a severe agricultural drought during the year 2002, compared to the other years. The results showed that the southeast region of Pakistan, and the north, northwest, and southwest regions of India and Afghanistan were significantly affected by drought. However, Bangladesh faced substantial drought in the northeast and northwest regions during the drought year (2002). The longest drought period of seven months was observed in India followed by Pakistan and Afghanistan with six months, while, only three months were perceived in Bangladesh. The correlation between drought indices and climate variables such as soil moisture has remained a significant drought-initiating variable. Furthermore, this study confirmed that the evaporative stress index (ESI) is a good agricultural drought indicator, being quick and with greater sensitivity, and thus advantageous compared to the VHI, EVI, and SAI vegetation indices.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2059/pdf

Remote Sensing Indices for Spatial Monitoring of Agricultural Drought in South Asian Countries

The substantial reliance of South Asia (SA) to rain-based agriculture makes the region susceptible to food scarcity due to droughts. Previously, most research on SA has emphasized the meteorological aspects with little consideration of agrarian drought impressions. The insufficient amount of in situ precipitation data across SA has also hindered thorough investigation in the agriculture sector. In recent times, models, satellite remote sensing, and reanalysis products have increased the amount of data. Hence, soil moisture, precipitation, terrestrial water storage (TWS), and vegetation condition index (VCI) products have been employed to illustrate SA droughts from 1982 to 2019 using a standardized index/anomaly approach. Besides, the relationships of these products towards crop production are evaluated using the annual national production of barley, maize, rice, and wheat by computing the yield anomaly index (YAI). Our findings indicate that MERRA-2, CPC, FLDAS (soil moisture), GPCC, and CHIRPS (precipitation) are alike and constant over the entire four regions of South Asia (northwest, southwest, northeast, and southeast). On the other hand, GLDAS and ERA5 remain poor when compared to other soil moisture products and identified drought conditions in regions one (northwest) and three (northeast). Likewise, TWS products such as MERRA-2 TWS and GRACE TWS (2002–2014) followed the patterns of ERA5 and GLDAS and presented divergent and inconsistent drought patterns. Furthermore, the vegetation condition index (VCI) remained less responsive in regions three (northeast) and four (southeast) only. Based on annual crop production data, MERRA-2, CPC, FLDAS, GPCC, and CHIRPS performed fairly well and indicated stronger and more significant associations (0.80 to 0.96) when compared to others. Thus, the current outcomes are imperative for gauging the deficient amount of data in the SA region, as they provide substitutes for agricultural drought monitoring.

Comparison of Multi-Year Reanalysis, Models, and Satellite Remote Sensing Products for Agricultural Drought Monitoring over South Asian Countries

Observed changes in seasonal drought characteristics and their possible potential drivers over Pakistan

Evaluating the meteorological drought characteristics over Pakistan using in situ observations and reanalysis products

Non-stationary frequency analysis of extreme streamflow disturbance in a typical ecological function reserve of China under a changing climate

This is the first clinical report on acute piroplasmosis in a mare in Malaysia. A 20 years old local thoroughbred mare showed clinical signs of acute equine piroplasmosis, anaemia, increase in erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) and reticulocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, increase in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin and decreased total protein (albumins and globulins), calcium, phosphorous, glucose and creatinine. Microscopic examination of blood smear was positive for Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Competitive ELISA test was confirmative to antibodies of T. equi and B. caballi. Multiplex PCR test was positive for the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. Microscopic localization of micro and macroschizontes in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes and macrophages in various organs provided a distinct hisopathological evidence of acute form of the disease.

Clinical case of acute equine piroplasmosis in a Malaysian mare.

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Observed changes in seasonal drought characteristics and their possible potential drivers over Pakistan

Evaluating the meteorological drought characteristics over Pakistan using in situ observations and reanalysis products

Non-stationary frequency analysis of extreme streamflow disturbance in a typical ecological function reserve of China under a changing climate

Clinical case of acute equine piroplasmosis in a Malaysian mare.