Chronic wounds are a major concern for global health, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. As their occurrence is correlated with age and age-related comorbidities, their incidence in the population is set to increase in the forthcoming years. This burden is further worsened by the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which causes wound infections that are increasingly hard to treat with current antibiotics. Antimicrobial bionanocomposites are an emerging class of materials that combine the biocompatibility and tissue-mimicking properties of biomacromolecules with the antimicrobial activity of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. Among these nanostructured agents, zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most promising for its microbicidal effects and its anti-inflammatory properties, and as a source of essential zinc ions. This review analyses the most recent developments in the field of nano-ZnO–bionanocomposite (nZnO-BNC) materials—mainly in the form of films, but also hydrogel or electrospun bandages—from the different preparation techniques to their properties and antibacterial and wound-healing performances. The effect of nanostructured ZnO on the mechanical, water and gas barrier, swelling, optical, thermal, water affinity, and drug-release properties are examined and linked to the preparation methods. Antimicrobial assays over a wide range of bacterial strains are extensively surveyed, and wound-healing studies are finally considered to provide a comprehensive assessment framework. While early results are promising, a systematic and standardised testing procedure for the comparison of antibacterial properties is still lacking, partly because of a not-yet fully understood antimicrobial mechanism. This work, therefore, allowed, on one hand, the determination of the best strategies for the design, engineering, and application of n-ZnO-BNC, and, on the other hand, the identification of the current challenges and opportunities for future research.

/pdf/antimicrobial-nano-zinc-oxide-biocomposites-for-wound-10sfm8qm.pdf

Antimicrobial Nano-Zinc Oxide Biocomposites for Wound Healing Applications: A Review

Wound healing is a complex process that involves a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Because of their remarkable characteristics and capabilities, nanomaterials have recently emerged as potential therapeutic agents for wound healing. Many different nanomaterial-based wound-healing treatments have been created and put into widespread use. In this review, we compile the most recent research on cutting-edge nanomaterials for wound healing, including both organic and inorganic nanomaterials. We highlight prospective approaches for developing nanomaterial-based wound healing therapy procedures and talk about the benefits and limitations of these treatments. Future prospects for wound healing therapies based on nanomaterials are discussed, including the need to address toxicity concerns, the scalability of production, and the long-term stability of nanomaterials. The safety and effectiveness of nanomaterials depend on further investigation into their design, interactions with biological systems, and the results of rigorous preclinical and clinical trials. There is great potential for a dramatic improvement in patient outcomes with the introduction of nanomaterial-based wound healing therapies. 

Nanomaterials for wound healing: Current status and futuristic frontier

The dire need for the assessment of human and environmental endangerments of nanoparticulate material has motivated the formulation of novel scientific tools and techniques to detect, quantify, and characterize these nanomaterials. Several of these paradigms possess enormous possibilities for applications in many of the realms of nanotoxicology. Furthermore, in a large number of cases, the limited capabilities to assess the environmental and human toxicological outcomes of customized and tailored multifunctional nanoparticles used for drug delivery have hindered their full exploitation in preclinical and clinical settings. With the ever-compounded availability of nanoparticulate materials in commercialized settings, an ever-arising popular debate has been egressing on whether the social, human, and environmental costs associated with the risks of nanomaterials outweigh their profits. Here we briefly review the various health, pharmaceutical, and regulatory aspects of nanotoxicology of engineered multifunctional nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Several aspects and issues encountered during the safety and toxicity assessments of these drug-delivery nanocarriers have also been summarized. Furthermore, recent trends implicated in the nanotoxicological evaluations of nanoparticulate matter in vitro and in vivo have also been discussed. Due to the absence of robust and rigid regulatory guidelines, researchers currently frequently encounter a larger number of challenges in the toxicology assessment of nanocarriers, which have also been briefly discussed here. Nanotoxicology has an appreciable and significant part in the clinical translational development as well as commercialization potential of nanocarriers; hence these aspects have also been touched upon. Finally, a brief overview has been provided regarding some of the nanocarrier-based medicines that are currently undergoing clinical trials, and some of those which have recently been commercialized and are available for patients. It is expected that this review will instigate an appreciable interest in the research community working in the arena of pharmaceutical drug development and nanoformulation-based drug delivery.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2463/pdf?version=1668507614

Precision Nanotoxicology in Drug Development: Current Trends and Challenges in Safety and Toxicity Implications of Customized Multifunctional Nanocarriers for Drug-Delivery Applications

Abstract Microbial infections based on drug‐resistant pathogenic organisms following surgery or trauma and uncontrolled bleeding are the main causes of increased mortality from trauma worldwide. The prevalence of drug‐resistant pathogens has led to a significant increase in medical costs and poses a great threat to the normal life of people. This is an important issue in the field of biomedicine, and the emergence of new antimicrobial materials hydrogels holds great promise for solving this problem. Hydrogel is an important material with good biocompatibility, water absorption, oxygen permeability, adhesion, degradation, self‐healing, corrosion resistance, and controlled release of drugs as well as structural diversity. Bacteria‐disturbing hydrogels have important applications in the direction of surgical treatment, wound dressing, medical device coating, and tissue engineering. This paper reviews the classification of antimicrobial hydrogels, the current status of research, and the potential of antimicrobial hydrogels for one application in biomedicine, and analyzes the current research of hydrogels in biomedical applications from five aspects: metal‐loaded hydrogels, drug‐loaded hydrogels, carbon‐material‐loaded hydrogels, hydrogels with fixed antimicrobial activity and biological antimicrobial hydrogels, and provides an outlook on the high antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, injectability, clinical applicability and future development prospects of hydrogels in this field. 

Antimicrobial Hydrogels: Potential Materials for Medical Application.

Prospective features of functional 2D nanomaterial graphene oxide in the wound healing process

Abstract High toxicity and extensive accessibility of fluoride and cyanide ions in diverse environmental media encouraged attention for scheming well-organized probes for their detection. Keeping in mind we have designed and synthesized thiosemicarbazone-based chemosensors RB-1, RB-2 and RB-3 for the detection of fluoride and cyanide ions. The structural elucidation of the synthesized chemosensors is done by employing different analytical techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance and electronic absorption specrtoscopies. Admirable detection limit, binding constant and fast response time (2 s) to F − and CN − ions enlarged the applications of these chemosensors. Additional confirmation of the sensing ability of these chemosensors is derived from DFT and TDDFT calculations with M06/6-311G(d,p) method by performing FMO, UV–Vis, QTAIM and global reactivity parameters elucidation. Overall results point out that investigated chemosensors are suitable candidates for sensing the F − ions. These chemosensors were successfully applied to detect F − ions in a commercial toothpaste sample. 

/pdf/quinoline-based-thiosemicarbazones-as-colorimetric-1fl2qcvq.pdf

Quinoline based thiosemicarbazones as colorimetric chemosensors for fluoride and cyanide ions and DFT studies

The present study reports a hydrogel-based sunlight-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with enhanced antimicrobial and wound healing potential. The hydrogel extracted from the seeds of Cydonia oblonga was used as a reducing and capping agent to synthesize Au NPs for the first time. The as-synthesized Au NPs were characterized for an average size, shape, surface functionalization, antimicrobial, and wound healing capabilities. The cubic and rectangular-shaped Au NPs with an average edge length of 74 ± 4.57 nm depicted a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 560 nm. The hydrogel-based Au NPs inhibited the growth of microorganisms in zones with 12 mm diameter. In-vitro experiments showed that a minimum inhibitory concentration of Au NPs (16 µg/mL) was sufficient to mimic the 95% growth of pathogenic microorganisms in 24 h. In vivo treatment of wounds with Au NPs in murine models revealed a 99% wound closure within 5 days. Quantitative PCR analysis performed to decipher the role of Au NPs in enhanced wound healing showed an increase in the expression levels of NANOG and CD-34 proteins. 

/pdf/hydrogel-assisted-synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-with-ianjgkdd.pdf

Hydrogel assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles with enhanced microbicidal and in vivo wound healing potential

Several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and restless leg syndrome, majorly result from disruption in the dopamine (DA) level. Thus, useful information about the treatment and prevention of various genetic majorly mental health problems can be obtained through precise and real-time monitoring of DA. Herein, we report the fabrication of novel N-rich carbon-coated Au nanoparticles (NC@Au-NPs) by deriving from melamine-crosslinked citrate-stabilized Au NPs. NC@Au-NPs offer fast electro-oxidation efficacy towards DA, because of strong electrostatic attraction between negatively charged NC@Au-NPs and positively charged DA. The catalytic efficacy and shelf life of the designed system were further boosted by applying a mixture of polydopamine (PDA) and benzimidazolium-1-acetate ionic liquid (IL) as a sandwich between the working electrode surface (graphitic pencil electrode: GPE) and the designed nanohybrid NC@Au-NPs as a redox mediator. The results indicate that the designed novel NC@Au/PDA–IL/GPE exhibits excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility over a wide linear range (50–1000 nm) and a low detection limit of 0.002 μM ± 0.001 as well. The developed sensor was successfully applied to monitor DA in the blood of COVID-19 quarantined patients and pharmaceutical samples with high accuracy, thus suggesting a powerful tool for the diagnosis of mental problems.

/pdf/melamine-derived-n-rich-c-entrapped-au-nanoparticles-for-3bnxaiq3.pdf

Melamine-derived N-rich C-entrapped Au nanoparticles for sensitive and selective monitoring of dopamine in blood samples

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Quinoline based thiosemicarbazones as colorimetric chemosensors for fluoride and cyanide ions and DFT studies

Hydrogel assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles with enhanced microbicidal and in vivo wound healing potential

Melamine-derived N-rich C-entrapped Au nanoparticles for sensitive and selective monitoring of dopamine in blood samples