Underground hydrogen storage: A comprehensive review

A review on underground hydrogen storage: Insight into geological sites, influencing factors and future outlook

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes have a great potential to maximize oil recovery factor of the existing reservoirs, where a significant volume of the unrecovered oil after conventional methods is targeted. Application of chemical EOR techniques includes the process of injecting different types of chemicals into a reservoir to improve the overall sweep efficiency. Surfactant flooding is one of the chemical EOR used to reduce the oil–water interfacial tension and to mobilize residual oil toward producing wells. Throughout the process of surfactant flooding, selecting a suitable surfactant for the reservoir conditions is quite challenging. Surfactants tend to be the major factor associated with the cost of an EOR process, and losing surfactants leads to substantial economic losses. This process could encounter a significant loss of surfactant due to adsorption into the porous media. Surfactant concentration, salinity, temperature, and pH were found to be as the main factors that influence the surfactant adsorption on reservoir rocks. Most of the research has been conducted in low-temperature and low-salinity conditions. Only limited studies were conducted in high-temperature and high-salinity (HT/HS) conditions due to the challenging for implementation of surfactant flooding in these conditions. This paper, therefore, focuses on the reviews of the studies conducted on surfactant adsorption for different surfactant types on different reservoir rocks under different reservoir conditions, and the influence of surfactant concentration, salinity, temperature, and pH on surfactant adsorption.

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The effect of surfactant concentration, salinity, temperature, and pH on surfactant adsorption for chemical enhanced oil recovery: a review

Recent advances in carbon dioxide geological storage, experimental procedures, influencing parameters, and future outlook

For many years, capturing, storing or sequestering CO2 from concentrated emission sources or from air has been a powerful technique for reducing atmospheric CO2. Moreover, the use of CO2 as a C1 building block to mitigate CO2 emissions and, at the same time, produce sustainable chemicals or fuels is a challenging and promising alternative to meet global demand for chemicals and energy. Hence, the chemical incorporation and conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals has received much attention in the last decade, since CO2 is an abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, nonflammable, and renewable one-carbon building block. Nevertheless, CO2 is the most oxidized form of carbon, thermodynamically the most stable form and kinetically inert. Consequently, the chemical conversion of CO2 requires highly reactive, rich-energy substrates, highly stable products to be formed or harder reaction conditions. The use of catalysts constitutes an important tool in the development of sustainable chemistry, since catalysts increase the rate of the reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy in the reaction. Therefore, special attention has been paid to catalysis, and in particular to heterogeneous catalysis because of its environmentally friendly and recyclable nature attributed to simple separation and recovery, as well as its applicability to continuous reactor operations. Focusing on heterogeneous catalysts, we decided to center on zeolite and ordered mesoporous materials due to their high thermal and chemical stability and versatility, which make them good candidates for the design and development of catalysts for CO2 conversion. In the present review, we analyze the state of the art in the last 25 years and the potential opportunities for using zeolite and OMS (ordered mesoporous silica) based materials to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals essential for our daily lives and fuels, and to pave the way towards reducing carbon footprint. In this review, we have compiled, to the best of our knowledge, the different reactions involving catalysts based on zeolites and OMS to convert CO2 into cyclic and dialkyl carbonates, acyclic carbamates, 2-oxazolidones, carboxylic acids, methanol, dimethylether, methane, higher alcohols (C2+OH), C2+ (gasoline, olefins and aromatics), syngas (RWGS, dry reforming of methane and alcohols), olefins (oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes) and simple fuels by photoreduction. The use of advanced zeolite and OMS-based materials, and the development of new processes and technologies should provide a new impulse to boost the conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels.

Advanced zeolite and ordered mesoporous silica-based catalysts for the conversion of CO2 to chemicals and fuels.

Visible light driven CO2 reduction to methanol by Cu-porphyrin impregnated mesoporous Ti-MCM-48

Adsorption of surfactants on the reservoir rock is one the most important factors which decide the economic feasibility of recovery process. This study reports the adsorption of two in-house developed CO2-philic foaming surfactants on Malaysian sandstone. The point of zero charge (PZC) of the rock sample was determined to be 8.13. The surfactants contained single tail (FS-1) and two tails (FS-2) in their structures. Static adsorption tests were conducted as traditional bottle test as well as during the foam test experiments. For the bottle tests, it was noted that the FS-2 underwent more adsorption (4.94 mg/g) when compared to FS-1 (4.32 mg/g). The pH effect was significant, and at low pH value (pH 6), the adsorption was almost five times more for both surfactants when compared to the adsorption at high pH (pH 10) conditions. During the foam test at pH 6, the adsorption results for FS-1 and FS-2 were 4.02 and 4.48 mg/g, respectively. The effect of increasing the pH to 10 was comparable to bottle test results, and adsorption was decreased about five times. The bottle test gave slightly high adsorption values primarily because the contact time was longer (24 h) when compared to foaming test adsorption values where time is only about 30 minutes. In foaming tests, sparging of CO2 gas enhanced the shear mixing of contents thereby increasing the adsorption degree resulting in the similar adsorption values despite of less contact time. The study revealed that the adsorption of surfactant depends on many parameters, and one way of effective control is to adjust the pH of the fluid higher than the PZC of the rock.

Effect of pH on the static adsorption of foaming surfactants on Malaysian sandstone

Foam is used in CO2-enhanced oil recovery due to its potential high benefits in mitigating all three causes of CO2 poor sweep efficiency, as it provides a means to lower the effect of permeability heterogeneity, overcome viscous instability, and minimize the occurrence of gravity override. The conventional foaming surfactants are not suitable in contact with oil due to premature lamellae rupture, need for copious amounts of water to generate foam, surfactant loss due to adsorption on the rock or partitioning between water and oil, and less tolerance against salinity, pressure, and temperature. The surfactant blending and addition of CO2-philic functionalities in surfactant structure are suggested to mitigate the above problems, enhance foam stability, improve mobility control, and accelerate foam propagation. However, there is a lack of general guidelines on the evaluation of CO2-philic surfactant properties and applications and the surfactant structure–performance analysis. In the present work, tailor-ma...

An Integrated Property–Performance Analysis for CO2-Philic Foam-Assisted CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery

Synergistic Effects of Surfactants Mixture for Foam Stability Measurements for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications

Injection of gas is increased nowadays, and among various kinds, the mainly used gas in past 30 years for EOR purpose is CO2. The recovery mechanisms associated with CO2 flooding are oil viscosity reduction, oil swelling, and the phase transition due to miscible displacement. On the other hand, high mobility of CO2 and reservoir heterogeneities are the two major factors that are responsible for poor sweep efficiency. CO2 is having low density, and it results in the gravity override and starts moving toward the top of the reservoir causing an unfavorable mobility ratio. The combination of surfactant with CO2 generates foam which is a promising and cost-effective method in improving the sweep efficiency. The focus of research nowadays is to obtain foam with high stability and low mobility because it is directly related to sweep efficiency. Due to overwhelming interest in foam EOR, some new surfactants have been produced with the objective to meet wide range of reservoir condition and for targeting difficult reservoir design and operating conditions. In this paper, recent experimental research for laboratory screening and evaluation of surfactant is highlighted and the foam mobility in the porous media has been reviewed. The parameters important for the generation of efficient foam for the purpose of EOR have also been reviewed.

A Review on CO 2 Foam for Mobility Control: Enhanced Oil Recovery

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