Objective: In this paper, we present a systematic literature review of motivation in Software Engineering. The objective of this review is to plot the landscape of current reported knowledge in terms of what motivates developers, what de-motivates them and how existing models address motivation. Methods: We perform a systematic literature review of peer reviewed published studies that focus on motivation in Software Engineering. Systematic reviews are well established in medical research and are used to systematically analyse the literature addressing specific research questions. Results: We found 92 papers related to motivation in Software Engineering. Fifty-six percent of the studies reported that Software Engineers are distinguishable from other occupational groups. Our findings suggest that Software Engineers are likely to be motivated according to three related factors: their 'characteristics' (for example, their need for variety); internal 'controls' (for example, their personality) and external 'moderators' (for example, their career stage). The literature indicates that de-motivated engineers may leave the organisation or take more sick-leave, while motivated engineers will increase their productivity and remain longer in the organisation. Aspects of the job that motivate Software Engineers include problem solving, working to benefit others and technical challenge. Our key finding is that the published models of motivation in Software Engineering are disparate and do not reflect the complex needs of Software Engineers in their career stages, cultural and environmental settings. Conclusions: The literature on motivation in Software Engineering presents a conflicting and partial picture of the area. It is clear that motivation is context dependent and varies from one engineer to another. The most commonly cited motivator is the job itself, yet we found very little work on what it is about that job that Software Engineers find motivating. Furthermore, surveys are often aimed at how Software Engineers feel about 'the organisation', rather than 'the profession'. Although models of motivation in Software Engineering are reported in the literature, they do not account for the changing roles and environment in which Software Engineers operate. Overall, our findings indicate that there is no clear understanding of the Software Engineers' job, what motivates Software Engineers, how they are motivated, or the outcome and benefits of motivating Software Engineers.

/pdf/motivation-in-software-engineering-a-systematic-literature-5c8lv34gvr.pdf

Motivation in Software Engineering: A systematic literature review

Motivation in software engineering is recognized as a key success factor for software projects, but although there are many papers written about motivation in software engineering, the field lacks a comprehensive overview of the area. In particular, several models of motivation have been proposed, but they either rely heavily on one particular model (the job characteristics model), or are quite disparate and difficult to combine. Using the results from our previous systematic literature review (SLR), we constructed a new model of motivation in software engineering. We then compared this new model with existing models and refined it based on this comparison. This paper summarises the SLR results, presents the important existing models found in the literature and explains the development of our new model of motivation in software engineering.

/pdf/models-of-motivation-in-software-engineering-vp05o3v81n.pdf

Models of motivation in software engineering

A system and method for manipulating and displaying information in a computer system includes a display screen, a processor, a storage device, and a data input device. Input data is received in the system through the input device. The system determines a display format of the data. The display format includes a number of constraints on the display. The system associates the input data with the appropriate display frame and flows the data into the frame. Constraints on the display are solved as the data is flowed (or moved) into a frame or frames. Upon resolution of constraints, the display frame is sized to accommodate the input data and the frame is displayed on the computer display screen.

Document processing using frame-based templates with hierarchical tagging

Information technology is playing an increasingly integral role in the competitive strategies of many organizations. As this trend continues, it is not surprising that there is growing emphasis on the ability of organizations to plan, design and implement critical information systems. A major strategy to improve the effectiveness of these processes is the use of computer-based planning and design aids. However, there is little empirical evidence that using this technology provides a significant performance impact. One factor limiting research on the impact of technology on planning and design is the manner in which this technology has been conceptualized for measuring usage behavior. This research develops a functional model of I/S planning and design support technology that distinguishes three general functional dimensions: Production Technology, Coordination Technology and Organizational Technology. An empirical analysis is used to test the robustness of the proposed model and its ability to discriminat...

Dimensions of I/S Planning and Design Aids: A Functional Model of CASE Technology

We describe a data model for structured office information objects, which we generically call “documents,” and a practically useful algebraic language for the retrieval and manipulation of such objects. Documents are viewed as hierarchical structures; their layout (presentation) aspect is to be treated separately. The syntax and semantics of the language are defined precisely in terms of the formal model, an extended relational algebra.The proposed approach has several new features, some of which are particularly useful for the management of office information. The data model is based on nested sequences of tuples rather than nested relations. Therefore, sorting and sequence operations and the explicit handling of duplicates can be described by the model. Furthermore, this is the first model based on a many-sorted instead of a one-sorted algebra, which means that atomic data values as well as nested structures are objects of the algebra. As a consequence, arithmetic operations, aggregate functions, and so forth can be treated inside the model and need not be introduced as query language extensions to the model. Many-sorted algebra also allows arbitrary algebra expressions (with Boolean result) to be admitted as selection or join conditions and the results of arbitrary expressions to be embedded into tuples. In contrast to other formal models, this algebra can be used directly as a rich query language for office documents with precisely defined semantics.

An algebra for structured office documents

Architecture and implementation of a form document management system SPECDOQ are presented. The system automates or semi-automates manipulation of conventional form documents combining alphanumeric and Kanji/Kana character strings, texts, and graphics. SPECDOQ features uniform management of the document database in terms of unnormalized relations, named nested tables. Complicated manipulation of form documents can be accomplished by combinations of abstract, algebraic operations on the nested tables. The system also features graphics-based user friendly manipulation of external form documents on the screen. Architectural key concepts in SPECDOQ and their implementation are explained. Some system-user interaction examples and early experiences on SPECDOQ field use are also given in this paper.

Form document management system SPECDOQ its architecture and implementation

Necessities for Software Quality Measurement and Assurance Technology have been increased.B. Boehm and McCall proposed software evaluation criteria. Based on these studies, G. Murine developed Software Quality Metrics (SQM).SQM was applied to several projects in NEC experimentally. An outline of the experiment will be presented and the results discussed.Software Quality Measurement and Assurance Technology (SQMAT) was developed in NEC as a total technology for applying to various types and size of software projects, throughout the software life cycle.

Software quality assessment technology

Complex combinations of text, graphics, and alphanumeric strings can be manipulated easily and rapidly when displayed in screen formats similar to conventional hard-copy forms.

Formgraphics: A Form-Based Graphics Architecture Providing a Database Workbench

Research on work environment for software productivity improvement.

Human factors of an interactive software development tool FRIEND are discussed. FRIEND attains both the friendliness for tool users and the friendliness for tool administrators. These two types of friendliness are discussed and illustrated from the architectural viewpoint. The architecture is based on mappings between the user specification level and the database level.

User- and administrator- friendly architecture for interactive software development

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