An integrated workflow for seismic interpretation, petrophysical and petrographical characterization for the clastic Mangahewa reservoir in Pohokura gas field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

The management of coastal aquifers requires careful planning of withdrawal strategies for control and remediation of saltwater intrusion. Over exploitation of groundwater in coastal aquifers may result in intrusion of saltwater. Prediction and control of future saltwater distribution in coastal aquifer may be possible by simulating the processes with utilizing mathematical models. The groundwater resources in North Sinai area are affected by salt water up-coming due to over-pumping phenomenon beside seawater intrusion. The objective of this study was to apply mathematical modeling techniques for water resource management in salt-affected ecosystems. The study area is located in the northern coastal zone of Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and covers about 1750 km2. The methodological approach to simulate the groundwater flow is based on the mathematical modeling techniques with applying 3-D finite element software (FEFLOW model). Three management scenarios are applied to predict the drawdown of groundwater levels under different extraction rates and seawater intrusion phenomenon. In addition, the methodology of seawater intrusion study and calibration was based on applying two-dimensional finite element simulation (SWI) code. The results of groundwater flow simulation show optimum groundwater extractions 26 × 106 m3/year from the cultivated areas. Moreover, simulation results indicate that the seawater/freshwater interface will migrate, after 15 years, at the distance of 5.5 km landward from its initial position if the present groundwater production policy (19 × 106 m3/year) continues operating in the area. To conserve the Quaternary Aquifer in North Sinai coastal Area (QANSA) storage for longer time, it is recommended to reduce the number of the pumping wells (<300 wells) as well as the initial and running time (does not exceed 10 h), and to achieve the objective of implementing the developing policy without any increase (500 m3/day/well). It is highly recommended to carry out geophysical exploration study and to construct monitoring network to verify the results of the applied model.

Management of groundwater resources in arid areas case study: North Sinai, Egypt

The October Oil Field is structurally complex due to its presence in the structurally complex system of the Gulf of Suez Rift Basin area, with the last updated structural model developed in 2012. Although the 2012 model defined the general structural framework and reservoir architecture, many challenges arose during the field development. The current study is focusing on the structural elements affecting this giant field to update the field structural model using the newly processed 3D seismic survey, the acquired data from newly drilled wells, and the associated different logging techniques. Several geological structure contour maps and cross-sections were generated to help in delineating and understanding the reservoir's extension. Based on the detailed correlation study, we were able to detect the faults that affected the structure of the October Field in detail, define their throw amounts and directions, and identify the missed sections across the studied area. This study introduces a comparison between the old and updated model scenarios to show the differences and their effect on the field development plan and recommendations. The updated model shows differences between the 2012 model and the current study's modified model in the number, extension, and location of faults: the old model has 17 faults, while the modified model has 13 faults. The main clysmic fault “F1” has a significant impact on the entire field because it affects all studied wells. Furthermore, the F3 and F4 faults have a significant impact due to their ability to create and add compartmentalization within the area of study. This study revealed that the updated detailed 3D structural model can support the development plans for the Nubia reservoir and motivate drilling, workover, and dynamic operations to assign the development opportunities in the proper location. Based on the developed model, there are at least three opportunities in the attic areas of the study that could increase oil production and oil reserves for the field while avoiding any more failures. 

Three‐dimensional structural modelling of structurally complex hydrocarbon reservoir in October Oil Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

This study examines the development trajectory and current trends of three-dimensional (3D) geological modelling. In recent years, due to the rising global energy demand and the increasing frequency of regional geological disasters, significant progress has been made in this field. The purpose of this study is to clarify the potential complexity of 3D geological modelling, identify persistent challenges, and propose potential avenues for improvement. The main objectives include simplifying the modelling process, improving model accuracy, integrating different data sources, and quantitatively evaluating model parameters. This study integrates global research in this field, focusing on the latest breakthroughs and applications in mineral exploration, engineering geology, geological disaster assessment, and military geosciences. For example, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt photography technology, multisource data fusion, 3D geological modelling method based on machine learning, etc. By identifying areas for improvement and making recommendations, this work aims to provide valuable insights to guide the future development of geological modelling toward a more comprehensive and accurate “Transparent Earth”. This review underscores the global applications of 3D geological modelling, highlighting its crucial role across various sectors such as mineral exploration, the oil and gas industry, urban planning, geological hazard assessment, and geoscientific research. The review emphasizes the sector-specific importance of this technology in enhancing modelling accuracy and efficiency, optimizing resource management, driving technological innovation, and improving disaster response capabilities. These insights provide a comprehensive understanding of how 3D geological modelling can significantly impact and benefit multiple industries worldwide. 

Three-Dimensional Geological Modelling in Earth Science Research: An In-Depth Review and Perspective Analysis

Management of land and water resources in arid regions is vital and opens the way for new agricultural activities and growth of residential communities. The Sinai Peninsula suffers from water scarcity, limiting these types of development in a substantial way. This chapter seeks to evaluate the conventional land and water resources of Sinai, Egypt, using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The future of land reclamation in Sinai will depend largely on its groundwater potential.

Land and Groundwater Assessment for Agricultural Development in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Sedimentological and diagenetic study of mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sediments in the propagation stage of Gulf of Suez Rift basin, Northeastern Africa: controls on reservoir architecture and reservoir quality

Northern Sinai has received great attention with respect to future agricultural development, especially after initiation of El Salam canal, as a source of irrigation. The research aim is to highlight on the nature and potentiality of the Quaternary aquifer in the northern Sinai. To achieve this target, a 256 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed chemically with respect to major ions, SiO2, B3+, PO43-, NO3-, Br-, I- , Pb2+, Fe3+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Co2+. Five infiltration tests were accomplished at five soil sites. Two pumping and one reanalyzed tests were carried out to determine the hydrogeological parameters of the Quaternary aquifer. The granulometric investigation was measured for 15 sub soils of five soil sites. The total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of the Quaternary aquifer is increased in the northern part of the sub area A. It reflects the impact of seawater intrusion. In the sub area B, the TDS concentration is decreased towards the northern part, due to recharge from El Salam canal (fresh water). There is hydrogeological interconnection between El Salam canal and aquifer system in the northern Sinai. In sub area C, the TDS concentration is increased towards the northwestern part (Suez canal), caused by seawater intrusion from Suez Canal. The PO43-, NO3 and most of the toxic metals (Pb2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn+2 and Co2+) concentrations in groundwater were recorded in medium to high concentrations in sub areas (B and C). It attributes to leakage of septic tank, seepage from El Salam canal, agricultural activity and geomedia. The dendrogram investigation, principle component analysis, and correlation study were discussed and interpreted according to geography, geology, hydrogeology, and anthropogenic sources. 

	 

	Key words: Hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry, modeling, northern Sinai.

Characterization of the aquifer system in the northern Sinai peninsula, Egypt

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Three‐dimensional structural modelling of structurally complex hydrocarbon reservoir in October Oil Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Sedimentological and diagenetic study of mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sediments in the propagation stage of Gulf of Suez Rift basin, Northeastern Africa: controls on reservoir architecture and reservoir quality

Characterization of the aquifer system in the northern Sinai peninsula, Egypt