Researchers have recently focused on the advancement of new materials from biorenewable and sustainable sources because of great concerns about the environment, waste accumulation and destruction, and the inevitable depletion of fossil resources. Biorenewable materials have been extensively used as a matrix or reinforcement in many applications. In the development of innovative methods and materials, composites offer important advantages because of their excellent properties such as ease of fabrication, higher mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and many more. Especially, nanocomposites (obtained by using biorenewable sources) have significant advantages when compared to conventional composites. Nanocomposites have been utilized in many applications including food, biomedical, electroanalysis, energy storage, wastewater treatment, automotive, etc. This comprehensive review provides chemistry, structures, advanced applications, and recent developments about nanocomposites obtained from biorenewable sources.

/pdf/chemistry-structures-and-advanced-applications-of-1e0y79sgtf.pdf

Chemistry, Structures, and Advanced Applications of Nanocomposites from Biorenewable Resources.

Self-powered sensors are crucial in the field of wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, an organ-like Ti3C2Tx MXene/metal-organic framework-derived copper oxide (CuO) gas sensor was powered by a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on latex and polytetrafluoroethylene for the detection of ammonia (NH3) at room temperature. The peak-to-peak value of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current generated by the prepared TENG can reach up to 810 V and 34 μA, respectively. The TENG can support a maximum peak power density of 10.84 W·m-2 and light at least 480 LEDs. Moreover, a flexible TENG under a single-electrode working mode was demonstrated for human movement stimulation, which exhibits great potential in wearable devices. The self-powered NH3 sensor driven by TENG has an excellent response (Vg/Va = 24.8 @ 100 ppm) at room temperature and exhibits a great potential in monitoring pork quality. Ti3C2Tx MXene and CuO were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS to analyze the properties of the materials. The NH3 sensing performance of the self-powered sensor based on MXene/CuO was greatly improved, and the mechanism of the enhanced sensing properties was systematically discussed.

Multifunctional Latex/Polytetrafluoroethylene-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Organ-like MXene/Metal–Organic Framework-Derived CuO Nanohybrid Ammonia Sensor

Electrocatalytic recycling of waste nitrate (NO3-) to valuable ammonia (NH3) at ambient conditions is a green and appealing alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. However, the reaction requires multi-step electron and proton transfer, making it a grand challenge to drive high-rate NH3 synthesis in an energy-efficient way. Herein, we present a design concept of tandem catalysts, which involves coupling intermediate phases of different transition metals, existing at low applied overpotentials, as cooperative active sites that enable cascade NO3--to-NH3 conversion, in turn avoiding the generally encountered scaling relations. We implement the concept by electrochemical transformation of Cu-Co binary sulfides into potential-dependent core-shell Cu/CuOx and Co/CoO phases. Electrochemical evaluation, kinetic studies, and in-situ Raman spectra reveal that the inner Cu/CuOx phases preferentially catalyze NO3- reduction to NO2-, which is rapidly reduced to NH3 at the nearby Co/CoO shell. This unique tandem catalyst system leads to a NO3--to-NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 93.3 ± 2.1% in a wide range of NO3- concentrations at pH 13, a high NH3 yield rate of 1.17 mmol cm-2 h-1 in 0.1 M NO3- at -0.175 V vs. RHE, and a half-cell energy efficiency of ~36%, surpassing most previous reports. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28728-4.pdf

Splicing the active phases of copper/cobalt-based catalysts achieves high-rate tandem electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia

Electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia is a promising alternative strategy to the traditional Haber-Bosch process but suffers from a low Faradaic efficiency and limited ammonia yield due to the sluggish multi-electron/proton-involved steps. Herein, we report a typical hollow cobalt phosphide nanosphere electrocatalyst assembled on a self-supported carbon nanosheet array synthesized with a confinement strategy that exhibits an extremely high ammonia yield rate of 8.47 mmol h-1 cm-2 through nitrate reduction reaction, which is highly superior to previously reported values to our knowledge. In situ experiments and theoretical investigations reveal that the dynamic equilibrium between the generation of active hydrogen on cobalt phosphide and its timely consumption by nitrogen intermediates leads to a superior ammonia yield with a high Faradaic efficiency. This unique insight based on active hydrogen equilibrium provides new opportunities for large-scale ammonia production through electrochemical techniques and can be further used for carbon dioxide capture. 

/pdf/active-hydrogen-boosts-electrochemical-nitrate-reduction-to-2huypebv.pdf

Active hydrogen boosts electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia

Theoretical Insights into Superior Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia Performance of Copper Catalysts

Emerging alternative for artificial ammonia synthesis through catalytic nitrate reduction

This work presents development of an innovative CuO/nitrogen-doped carbon composite (CuO-C) that may be effectively applied for the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and creation of a non-enzymatic sensor for glucose detection. The structure of the CuO-C nanostructured material was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The prepared electroactive material, based on CuO including carbon structures derived from chitosan, showed excellent performance in terms of electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. Under optimal conditions, the modified electrode displays high sensitivity (1546 μA mM-1 cm-2), a low detection limit (1.95 μM) and short response time (4 s). 

Highly sensitive, fast response and selective glucose detection based on CuO/nitrogen‐doped carbon non‐enzymatic sensor

This work presents an Extreme Biomimetic approach for the development of a novel non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with CuO-chitosan nanocomposite. The impact of the synthesis conditions on the structure of the formed CuO-chitosan nanocomposites was analyzed in detail using a variety of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To investigate electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation and to optimize the synthesis process, the modified electrodes (CuO-CS/GCE) were tested by amperometric and potentiometric methods The CuO-CS sensor based on CuO-CS_100 Exhibits 20% better electrocatalytic activity than a CuO sensor with CuO obtained under the same process conditions. The CuO-CS/GCE sensor for glucose oxidation displays high sensitivity (503 μA mM cm−2) with a high detection limit (LOD of 11 μM), short response time (within 6 s), and very good long-term stability and reproducibility. Electrochemical measurements confirmed that the CuO-chitosan nanocomposite obtained after 18 h of hydrothermal reaction at 100 °C was the most efficient modifier of GCE. These results clearly indicate that the novel CuO-CS/GCE sensor is very promising for future application in devices used to detect glucose in biological fluids.

Synthesis and characterization of novel copper oxide-chitosan nanocomposites for non-enzymatic glucose sensing

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Emerging alternative for artificial ammonia synthesis through catalytic nitrate reduction

Highly sensitive, fast response and selective glucose detection based on CuO/nitrogen‐doped carbon non‐enzymatic sensor

Synthesis and characterization of novel copper oxide-chitosan nanocomposites for non-enzymatic glucose sensing