A consensus conference to define the utility of advanced infectious disease diagnostics in solid organ transplant recipients

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important viral complications after solid organ transplantation (SOT). Current preventive and management strategies rely primarily on serologic and viral load testing and remain suboptimal. ABSTRACT Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important viral complications after solid organ transplantation (SOT). Current preventive and management strategies rely primarily on serologic and viral load testing and remain suboptimal. To address these issues, multiple techniques to measure CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) have been developed and evaluated in clinical studies over the past two decades. These assays show significant promise for the personalization of CMV management. For example, CMI assays can be used to help determine the optimal duration of antiviral prophylaxis or whether antiviral therapy is indicated in patients with low levels of CMV reactivation. However, despite numerous studies showing potential utility, these assays are not yet in widespread routine clinical use. Barriers to adoption include variations in test complexity, standardization, and thresholds for positivity and insufficient interventional clinical trials. Here, we provide an updated assessment of commonly available tests and the clinical utility of CMV-specific CMI testing in SOT recipients.

Utility of Cytomegalovirus Cell-Mediated Immunity Assays in Solid Organ Transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important opportunistic infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, current techniques used to predict risk for CMV infection fall short. CMV-specific cell mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in protecting against CMV infection. There is evidence that assays measuring CMV-CMI might better identify SOT recipients at risk of complications from CMV compared to anti-CMV IgG, which is our current standard of care. Here, we review recently published studies that utilize CMV-CMI, at various points before and after transplantation, to help predict risk and guide the management of CMV infection following organ transplantation. The evidence supports the use of these novel assays to help identify SOT recipients at increased risk and highlights the need for larger prospective trials evaluating these modalities in this high-risk population.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/5/875/pdf

Utility of CMV-Specific Immune Monitoring for the Management of CMV in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Clinical Update.

The Quantiferon-Cytomegalovirus (QF-CMV) assay was introduced to predict CMV infection and inform prophylaxis duration in our lung transplant recipients (LTR) from 2012. The aims of this retrospective cohort study were to review our QF-CMV experience, understand factors associated with positive results and further explore its predictive utility.LTR with QF-CMV testing performed at 5 months post-transplant were included. Patients receiving QF-directed prophylaxis (5 or 11 months) were compared to those receiving our prior standard of care (5 months). Outcomes were CMV infection >1,000 IU/mL in blood and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Factors associated with positive QF-CMV results were identified. Patients were compared based on serostatus, QF-CMV results and prophylaxis duration.Our cohort included 263 LTR (59 D+/R-, 204 R+). QF-directed prophylaxis was used in 195 of 263 (74%) and was associated with reduced CMV infection (84/195, 43% vs 41/68, 60%, p < .001). Patients receiving extended prophylaxis experienced less CMV if negative and/or indeterminate (43% vs 70%, p < .01) or positive (10% vs 51%, p < .01). Only 5 of 59 (8%) D+/R- patients were QF-CMV positive compared to 155 of 204 (76%) R+ patients (adjusted OR 0.03, 0.01-0.07, p < .001). After controlling for prophylaxis duration, only D+/R- serostatus remained independently associated with CMV infection (adjusted HR 4.90, 95% CI 2.68-9.00, p < .0001).QF-CMV results were strongly correlated with serostatus, with D+/R- patients unlikely to test positive while receiving prophylaxis. Extended prophylaxis was associated with delayed onset, reduced frequency and severity of CMV infection across all subgroups. After accounting for serostatus, the incremental predictive value of QF-CMV in this cohort was limited. 

Real-world experience of Quantiferon-CMV directed prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common infections occurring after solid organ transplantation. This high burden of disease, which incurs sizeable morbidity, may be worsening with the proportion of high-risk D+/R- solid organ transplantation recipients increasing in some regions globally. Cohort studies continue to support either universal prophylaxis or preemptive therapy as effective prevention strategies. Letermovir prophylaxis was noninferior to valganciclovir in adult high-risk D+/R- kidney transplant recipients with fewer drug-related adverse events in a recent clinical trial and has now been approved for such use in some regions. Maribavir preemptive therapy failed to demonstrate noninferiority when compared with valganciclovir in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients but looked promising for safety. Donor matching could be useful in prevention CMV disease with a survival advantage demonstrated in seronegative recipients waiting up to 30 mo for a seronegative kidney. Immune-guided prophylaxis resulted in fewer CMV infection episodes in lung transplant recipients when compared with fixed-duration prophylaxis in a recent clinical trial. For treatment of refractory or resistant CMV infection, maribavir was more efficacious and better tolerated when compared with investigator-initiated therapy in its registration trial for this condition. Further research regarding best treatment and prophylaxis of resistant or refractory CMV infection is needed to reflect best clinical practice choices. Optimal use of immune globulin or CMV-specific T cells for prevention or treatment of CMV disease remains undefined. Standardized definitions for the design of CMV clinical trials have been developed. In this review, we highlight recent updates in the field from data published since 2018.

What's New: Updates on Cytomegalovirus in Solid Organ Transplantation.

Background Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is an autosomal semi-dominant disorder usually caused by variants in the APOB gene that frequently interferes with protein length. Clinical manifestations include malabsorption, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, low levels of lipid-soluble vitamins, and neurological, endocrine, and hematological dysfunction. Methods Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood samples of the pediatric patient with hypocholesterolemia and his parents and brother. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed, and an expanded dyslipidemia panel was employed for genetic analysis. In addition, a systematic review of the literature on FHBL heterozygous patients was performed. Case report Genetic investigation revealed the presence of a heterozygous variant in the APOB (NM_000384.3) gene c.6624dup[=], which changes the open reading frame and leads to early termination of translation into the p.Leu2209IlefsTer5 protein (NP_000375.3). The identified variant was not previously reported. Familial segregation analysis confirmed the variant in the mother of the subject, who also has a low level of low-density lipoprotein and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We have introduced therapy that includes limiting fats in the diet and adding lipid-soluble vitamins E, A, K, and D and calcium carbonate. We reported 35 individuals with APOB gene variations linked to FHBL in the systematic review. Conclusion We have identified a novel pathogenic variant in the APOB gene causing FHBL in pediatric patients with hypocholesterolemia and fatty liver disease. This case illustrates the importance of genetic testing for dyslipidemias in patients with significant decreases in plasma cholesterol as we can avoid damaging neurological and ophthalmological effects by sufficient vitamin supplementation and regular follow-ups.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1106441/pdf

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a pediatric patient with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia due to a novel APOB variant: a case report and systematic literature review

QuantiFERON-CMV guided virostatic prophylaxis after heart transplantation.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a pediatric patient with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia due to a novel APOB variant: a case report and systematic literature review

QuantiFERON-CMV guided virostatic prophylaxis after heart transplantation.