An introduction to heat transfer

Spot welding, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW), is a critical joining process in automotive industry. The development of advanced high strength steels for applications in automotive industry is accompanied with a challenge to better understand the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these materials during RSW. The present paper critically reviews the fundamental understanding of structure–properties relationship in automotive steels resistance spot welds. The focus is on the metallurgical characteristics, hardness–microstructure correlation, interfacial to pullout failure mode transition and mechanical performance of steel resistance spot welds under quasi-static, fatigue and impact loading conditions. A brief review of friction stir spot welding, as an alternative to RSW, is also included.

Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties

Sensors based on the detection of small resistance variations are universally recognized as piezoresistive. Being one of the simplest, most common and most investigated classes of sensors, continuous efforts are focused on creating improved devices with higher performance that can be used in many commercial and non–commercial applications (e.g. evaluation of strain, pressure, acceleration, force etc.). Consequently, despite the fact that more than 150 years have passed since the discovery of the piezoresistive effect in some classes of metals and semiconductors, the development of such sensors remains interesting and topical. Moreover, with the advent of second–generation robotics, research on piezoresistive sensors has undergone a massive increase. This paper aims to be a short, self–consistent vademecum which would be useful to researchers and engineers, since it focuses on the fundamentals of theory, materials, and readout–circuit design pertinent to the most recent developments in the field of piezoresistive sensors.

Theory, technology and applications of piezoresistive sensors: A review

Many quality improvement (QI) programs including six sigma, design for six sigma, and kaizen require collection and analysis of data to solve quality problems. Due to advances in data collection systems and analysis tools, data mining (DM) has widely been applied for QI in manufacturing. Although a few review papers have recently been published to discuss DM applications in manufacturing, these only cover a small portion of the applications for specific QI problems (quality tasks). In this study, an extensive review covering the literature from 1997 to 2007 and several analyses on selected quality tasks are provided on DM applications in the manufacturing industry. The quality tasks considered are; product/process quality description, predicting quality, classification of quality, and parameter optimisation. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature from various points of view: data handling practices, DM applications for each quality task and for each manufacturing industry, patterns in the use of DM methods, application results, and software used in the applications are analysed. Several summary tables and figures are also provided along with the discussion of the analyses and results. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are presented.

Review: A review of data mining applications for quality improvement in manufacturing industry

Interest in natural fiber–reinforced composites (NFRCs) is increasing rapidly thanks to their numerous advantages such as low cost, biodegradability, eco-friendly nature, relatively good mechanical...

Natural fiber–reinforced composites: A review on material, manufacturing, and machinability:

In this paper, based on the modified slab method theory, an analytical solution for ring rolling process is presented. The non-uniformity of the normal and shear stresses across the section of the deforming material are considered. The friction factor multiplied by the shear yield strength is used to present friction between the main roll and the ring. Complete expressions for the ring rolling pressure, force and torque are obtained and the position of neutral point is predicted. The influence of the process parameters such as friction factor, main roll rotational speed, feed speed, and others was investigated. Analytical results obtained from the present formulation were compared to previous experimental works and good agreement and improvements were observed.

An Analytical Approach to Ring Rolling Using Modified Slab Analysis

In this investigation, the force-frequency effect in a square AT-Cut quartz resonator is studied. Based on the force-frequency effect, by insertion of diametrical forces, the natural frequency of thickness shear vibration mode in AT-Cut quartz resonators is changed. This criterion is of importance in designing quartz resonators and force sensors. In this paper, the frequency change of a square AT-Cut quartz crystal subjected to a pair of opposing forces on different points of its edge is studied experimentally. Also, the force-frequency effect in the square crystal is modeled by a previously developed mathematical-finite element model. The accuracy of the model is verified by the experimental results. Then, the model is applied for evaluating the force-frequency effect in the AT-Cut crystal, and the frequency shifts in different loading configurations are obtained. The new loading configurations are produced by moving the loading points along the edges, and by rotating the edges of the crystal around its thickness axis. Also, the distributed loading tests are performed on the crystal. Based on this, the loading configurations with maximum and minimum frequency shifts are obtained. Moreover, the design of quartz crystal force sensors having high sensitivity and also the crystal oscillator with high-frequency stability are discussed.

https://ajme.aut.ac.ir/article_4186_128c47ed29366a0500677e857936261c.pdf

Force frequency effect in square quartz crystals

In this paper the Sequential Function Specification Method is used to estimate the transient heat flux imposed on the rake face of the cutting tool during the cutting operation. The cutting tool is modeled as a three dimensional object. The capabilities of the geometric modeling, mesh generation as well as solver of the commercial software ANSYS is utilized in order to reduce the time expended for modeling and direct heat conduction solution. This way the inverse heat conduction algorithm employs ANSYS as a subprogram through the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). The stability as well as accuracy of the heat flux estimation is investigated using familiar triangular as well as step heat flux test cases. The effect of noise level, the number of temperature sensors as well as their locations are investigated in order to arrive at an optimal experimental procedure. Finally, a typical temperature data during the working condition are used to recover the heat flux at the cutting tool surface.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

Estimation of the Heat Generation in a Cutting Tool Using a Sequential Inverse Method

One key driver of an organization’s success is an ability to assess its readiness to create or improve its strategy processes. Although strategic management of technology has been a topic of significant interest to both researcher and practitioners, the issues pertaining to readiness assessment for its implementation have remained largely undeveloped. Integrating firm-level theories from the business transformation, strategic management, and TM literature and through interviews with C-level executives, we developed a framework that conceptualizes the overall readiness assessment. The original framework was expanded and validated through inference to findings of enterprise practices through expert study. This research has identified six groups of determinants of TM implementation decision, their relative importance, and a set of associated indicators in a SBU within a conglomerate. The final model was applied to assess the readiness of a subsidiary of the industrial group in one of its business lines and measures to be carried out to improve the capabilities of the pilot subsidiary were discussed. We believe this model will help prepare the necessary requirements to implement the TM system and minimize the risk of failure.

Readiness Assessment for Technology Management System Implementation within a Conglomerate

Insoles as devices for plantar pressure reduction have developed and undergone many clinical experiments to deliver better performance, helping patients with diabetic foot ulceration. Elastomer foams are used as the base material in commercial diabetic foot insoles. However, their energy absorption capacity degrades because of microclimate in footwear and their shape deform during usage. Therefore insoles with better-cushioning properties and durability are required. In this paper, a novel insole with 3D spacer fabric with superelastic nitinol monofilaments (NiTi) is introduced. The fabricated insole and commercial Plastazote insoles (PLT) are experimentally compared on five healthy persons with measuring plantar pressure right after wearing and 1 month after. The temperature increase is also measured after 15 min of walking. Statistical analysis is used to evaluate insoles performance. Although NiTi and PLT showed a reduction in peak plantar pressure (PPP) right after wearing, after one month, 48.5% and 43.8% reduction in mean PPP for NiTi and 28% and 23.9% for PLT were observed compared to without-insole condition on the right and left foot respectively. NiTi delivered 11.8% and 13.9% PPP increases on right and left foot compared to 61% and 61.8% respectively in PLT after 1 month. Lower temperature increase and homogenous plantar surface pressure distribution were also seen on NiTi. Eventually, the proposed NiTi insole delivered higher cushioning properties, enhanced breathability, more uniform pressure distribution, and superior endurance compared to PLT as a commercial insole. Therefore, it is a promising device for protecting the diabetic foot against pressure, impact and preventing ulceration.

https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837221127314

Reducing foot plantar pressure using superelastic nitinol monofilaments as spacer yarns in a novel weft knitted spacer fabric insole

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