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Pretreatment technologies are aimed to increase enzyme accessibility to biomass and yields of fermentable sugars. In general, pretreatment methods fall into four different categories including physical, chemical, physico-chemical, and biological. This paper comprehensively reviews the lignocellulosic wastes to bioethanol process with a focus on pretreatment methods, their mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages as well as the combinations of different pretreatment technologies. Moreover, the new advances in plant “omics” and genetic engineering approaches to increase cellulose composition, reduce cellulose crystallinity, produce hydrolases and protein modules disrupting plant cell wall substrates, and modify lignin structure in plants have also been expansively presented.

Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment

Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources for production of bioplastics – A review

Preparation and characterization of hydrochar from waste eucalyptus bark by hydrothermal carbonization

Effect of residence time on chemical and structural properties of hydrochar obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of water hyacinth

Effect of physical pretreatment on dilute acid hydrolysis of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).

Current advances of nanocellulose application in biomedical field.

Agriculture residues are a promising feedstock for value-added products from lignocellulosic waste. However, pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials is essential to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis and improve sugar yield. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of acid or alkali during microwave-assisted pretreatment of dragon fruit foliage (DFF) that would make hydrolysis process more efficient. In the present study, distilled water and three chemicals were examined for their effects on releasing monomeric sugar during microwave treatment. Microwave-assisted pretreatment namely microwave-distilled water (M-H2O) (control); microwave-sulfuric acid (M-H2SO4); microwave-sodium hydroxide (M-NaOH); and microwave-sodium bicarbonate (M-NaHCO3) pretreatment were performed using 5% (w/v) of DFF as substrate at 800 watt microwave power for 5 minutes exposure time. Highest yield of monomeric sugar was found at 15.56 mg/g using M-NaOH pretreatment at 0.1N NaOH. For M-H2SO4 pretreatment, 0.1N H2SO4 produced 8.2 mg/g of monomeric sugar. Application of M-NaHCO3 pretreatment using 0.05N NaHCO3 solution released 6.45 mg/g of monomeric sugar. While, soaking DFF in distilled water and subjecting to microwave irradiation released 6.6 mg/g of monomeric sugar. Treatments with the lowest concentration (0.01 N) of the three chemicals released only small quantities of total monomeric sugars and less than that with distilled water. The changes in the physical structure of DFF prior to and after the microwave-assisted pretreatment are also reported.

Effect of microwave-assisted acid or alkali pretreatment on sugar release from dragon fruit foliage

Biosorption of Zn (II) from aqueous solution using Jatropha curcas press cake was comparatively investigated over a range of variables (contact time, pH, and initial metal concentration) by batch adsorption experiments. Highest Zn (II) removal (~40 mg/L) was attained using 0.5g adsorbent for 100 minutes with initial Zn (II) concentration of 50 mg/L and pH 4. The adsorption data was best fitted with Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.99) and follows second order kinetic rate equation (R2 > 0.99). FTIR analysis revealed the availability of phenol, alcohol and carboxyl functional groups in Jatropha curcas press cake for the biosorption. XRD results confirmed the presence of Zn (II) in the press cake after adsorption process. These findings concluded that Jatropha curcas press cake is a suitable biosorbent for removing Zn (II) in heavy metal polluted wastewater.

/pdf/biosorption-of-zn-ii-from-aqueous-solution-by-jatropha-1qj8xqes5d.pdf

Biosorption of Zn (II) from aqueous solution by jatropha curcas press cake

Solid–liquid extraction (SLE) is a common separation method employed in industry Since the production of bioenergy is not directly related to SLE, this chapter focuses on bio-based products including biofuels The chapter presents an overview of the current status of SLE in the biorefinery industry, and discusses SLE principles, process design, and modeling considerations, as well as elaborating on the industrial application of SLE by providing some examples Finally, the economic importance and challenges of SLE are discussed The state-of-the-art technology for SLE in the biorefinery industry involves not only the equipment design and operation, but also the process model The development of statistical models based on experimental design and the application of various process flows is one of the new modeling approaches in SLE

Solid–Liquid Extraction in Biorefinery

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