Epstein-Barr virus.

Summary Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycaemia. Knowledge of type 1 diabetes has rapidly increased over the past 25 years, resulting in a broad understanding about many aspects of the disease, including its genetics, epidemiology, immune and β-cell phenotypes, and disease burden. Interventions to preserve β cells have been tested, and several methods to improve clinical disease management have been assessed. However, wide gaps still exist in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and our ability to standardise clinical care and decrease disease-associated complications and burden. This Seminar gives an overview of the current understanding of the disease and potential future directions for research and care.

Type 1 diabetes

I first read Davidson 30 years ago: at that time it was already in its 5th edition. A brief comparison shows that it then contained about 440,000 words in 1,100 pages: the current edition has compressed 625,000 words into 800 pages. I think I bought it as a student because it was cheap: but also because it seemed to be comprehensive and straightforward, and I have used it as a basis for my medical knowledge ever since. So I miss some of the old pictures of the acute skin rashes such as scarlet fever: in fact infectious disease has been transferred to the back and genetic factors take the first chapters. But careful linguistic comparison will still uncover the old phrases which some of us know by heart-there are minor changes such as 'alarming reactions to intravenous iron are uncommon, but have occasionally been noted', which becomes 'alarming systemic anaphyllactic reactions can occur'. Sir Stanley Davidson made 'no attempt to describe every rare disease or syndrome, but devoted most of the space available to those disorders most commonly encountered in practice'. I have grown up with successive editions, and have gradually come to appreciate the problems of the authors in the compression of knowledge. Having got to know many of them personally as real people rather than as names I can still recommend the book. It is the essential starting point for the study of internal medicine and for many doctors will remain their base reference work. The present editors have kept up-to-date and been prepared to prune the dead wood. There are many competitors in the market, and the publishers must take care with layout and illustration, although Davidson is still the best value for money. I will continue to recommend it to my clinical students: they will need to read it and know it to pass final MB. Postgraduates will need to remember the facts, but also to be able to place them in a broader perspective. The older consultant will still happily read it, and to get to know the authors themselves is really to complete your medical education. Dr John Macleod and his team have successfully kept alive the primary objective 'to provide a rational and easily comprehensible basis for the practice of medicine'. The book is economical in price and compact in size, but still contains the essential truths for the practice of good medicine.

Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine

Introduction Histological Classification of CNS Tumours Definitions and Explanatory Notes Tumours of Neuroepithelial Tissue Astrocytic Tumours Ependymal Tumours Mixed Gliomas Choroid Plexus Tumours Neuroepithelial Tumours of Uncertain Origin Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumours Pineal Parenchymal Tumours Embryonal Tumours Tumours of Cranial and Spinal Nerves Schwannoma Neurofibroma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Tumours of the Meninges Tumours of Menigothelial Cells Mesenchymal, Non-menigothelial Tumours Primary Melanocytic Lesions Lymphomas and Haemopoietic Neoplasms Germ Cell Tumours Cysts and Tumour-like Lesions Tumours of the Sellar Region Local Extensions from Regional Tumours Metastatic Tumours Unclassified Tumours Illustrations Subject Index Metat Cy Tu

Histological Typing of tumours of the Central Nervous System

Although the literature on university–industry links has begun to uncover the reasons for, and types of, collaboration between universities and businesses, it offers relatively little explanation of ways to reduce the barriers in these collaborations. This paper seeks to unpack the nature of the obstacles to collaborations between universities and industry, exploring influence of different mechanisms in lowering barriers related to the orientation of universities and to the transactions involved in working with university partners. Drawing on a large-scale survey and public records, this paper explores the effects of collaboration experience, breadth of interaction, and inter-organizational trust on lowering different types of barriers. The analysis shows that prior experience of collaborative research lowers orientation-related barriers and that greater levels of trust reduce both types of barriers studied. It also indicates that breadth of interaction diminishes the orientation-related, but increases transaction-related barriers. The paper explores the implications of these findings for policies aimed at facilitating university–industry collaboration.

Investigating the factors that diminish the barriers to university-industry collaboration

One of the major goals of any high impact research and development is an overall improvement in the well-being and sustainable quality of life through innovations. As universities continuously disseminate innovations from R&D activities, many prototypes and lab-scale products, whether tangible or intangible, can be made available for public use. The success of bringing these innovations to the marketplace depends on the quality and capability of the technology transfer office to lead different types of activities, engagements, negotiation and inclusiveness towards fulfilling the needs of commercialisation partners and the market. This paper presented a general overview of transforming research output into commercialisation in the context of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Throughout this paper, different commercialization channels, the roles of technology transfer offices and multiple agencies are further discussed with a special focus on agricultural innovations and technologies. This review contributes to both academic and agricultural industry research, development and commercialization activities by illustrating current innovation produced by UPM and industry-university collaboration, conducted at a leading agriculture university.

Transforming agriculture research into commercialisation: experience of Universiti Putra Malaysia

After a decade of silence, an outbreak of the contagious and Asian endemic disease, goat pox re-emerged in North Vietnam affecting more than 1800 heads with a mortality rate of 6.5%. The inevitable impact of goat pox on hide quality, breeding, chevon and milk production has resulted in a significant economic losses to the developing goat industry of Vietnam. In the act of establishing an effective control of this devastating disease, tracing the source of re-emergence via a phylogenetic study was carried out to reveal their genetic relatedness. Either skin scab or papule from the six affected provinces were collected, cultured into Vero cells followed by restricted enzyme digestion of targeted P32 gene DNA encoding. The P32 gene was then cloned and transformed into E.coli competent cells for further sequencing. The isolated sequence is deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MN317561/VNUAGTP1. The phylogenetic tree revealed high similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences to references goat pox strains accounting for 99.6 and 99.3, respectively. The Vietnamese strain is clustered together with currently circulating goat pox virus in China, India and Pakistan which suggested the origin of South China. This Vietnam isolate is clustered together with other Asian goat pox strains indicating the dissemination of a common goat pox virus within this continent.

/pdf/molecular-phylogenetics-of-a-recently-isolated-goat-pox-dp7wylp5r0.pdf

Molecular phylogenetics of a recently isolated goat pox virus from Vietnam.

A Suspected Case of Suppurative Frontal Sinusitis in a Friesian Heifer - Clinical Management -

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide importance. Besides rodents, dogs have also been implicated as a source of infection to humans. Samples of urine and blood from 142 stray dogs were examined for leptospirosis by serological tests and bacterial cultures. Of these, 83% (118/142) and 33% (471142) of the serum samples were positive by ELISA-IgM/IgG and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) respectively. No leptospiral isolates were obtained on culture. Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was found to be the most predominant serovar in the dogs with an infection rate of 68% at MAT titres of ~ 100. Urine and serum samples were randomly selected for detection and identification of leptospires by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and low-stringency PCR assay respectively. All seropositive samples selected were positive by PCR assay. One urine sample showed the presence of leptospires based on PCR assay.

Leptospiral infections in stray dogs in Malaysia

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity to three cell kidney lines by using the 3-(4, 5-d imethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay of three popular medicinal plants used in Malaysia. Methods: Methanol and aqueous extracts of Centellaasiatica L., Strobilanthescrispus L. and Curcuma longa L. were tested at the non-toxic limit concentration at 50 (NTLC50) ranging from 50 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml depending on the cell lines used, i.e. African Green Monkey Kidney (Vero), Baby hamster Kidney (BHK) and Rabbit Kidney (RK) cells. Results: Centellaasiatica L. was the least toxic to the all cell lines tested followed by Strobilanthes crispus L. and Curcuma longa L. Methanol plant extracts inhibited cell growth but not to the aqueous plant extracts. Meanwhile, BHK cells were found to be the most resistant to the plant extracts. Conclusion: This study proves the safety of these plant extracts for future scientific studies in its biomedical properties.

Effects of Centellaasiatica L., Curcuma longa L., and Strobilanthescrispus L. extracts on 3 kidney cell lines: in vitro cytotoxicity analysis

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