While the methods of risk analysis are generally based on objective measurements, the subjective assessment of risk, such as risk perception, is currently considered a crucial aspect in the context of flood risk management. Risk perception is regarded as an assessment of the perceived probability of hazard and the perceived probability of the results (most often—negative consequences). The work attempts to answer the question: What determines flood risk perception? The knowledge of the factors influencing flood risk perception can solve the issue of the society’s underestimation of flood risk. This issue was considered both in terms of the impact of particular factors on flood risk perception and the interrelationship between three characteristics of flood risk perception: preparedness, worry and awareness. The results were developed based on critical analysis of the empirical research. The review shows that the way particular characteristics determine flood risk perception is not clear and many authors show the diverse conclusions from the similar research. Taking into account various research results, the following factors were distinguished: primary (which clearly influence risk perception), secondary (which influence it unclearly and require further research) and intervening (often describing the context). The organization of the results of the research on the flood risk assessment conducted herein aims to improve the understanding of the human perception of flood risk and, as a result, will lead to the decrease in flood risk by improving the communication of the issue and motivating the residents of the endangered areas to take actions that reduce the negative effects of floods.

/pdf/what-determines-flood-risk-perception-a-review-of-factors-of-3nlhoa3yym.pdf

What determines flood risk perception? A review of factors of flood risk perception and relations between its basic elements

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022003632/pdf

A systematic review of the flood vulnerability using geographic information system

https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A23225/datastream/PDF/Kuller-2021-Creating_effective_flood_warnings-%28published_version%29.pdf

Creating effective flood warnings: A framework from a critical review

Understanding what makes people vulnerable to flooding is key in informing the risk management process. Non-structural measures, such as risk communication, can reduce vulnerability by improving flood risk awareness, but they require a deep understanding of which factors influence risk awareness, and how. We analysed and untangled the role of experience with, and knowledge of, floods by conducting a survey in a municipality in North-eastern Italy that was hit by a flash flood in 2018. The results show that previous experience with floods influences risk awareness not only directly, but also indirectly through the knowledge that was gained from that experience. In addition, specific (as opposed to generic) definitions of experience have been found to be better suited for exploring their effects on risk awareness. Based on the literature and on our results, we propose an experience-knowledge typology to help unravel the complex role that these two variables play in shaping flood risk awareness.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/8/2130/pdf

The role of experience and different sources of knowledge in shaping flood risk awareness

Disaster Risk Perception of University Students

Purpose




The purpose of this paper is to explore the risk perceptions and activities of people to reduce impacts of disaster.




Design/methodology/approach




Case study research has been conducted in village Podhradi nad Dyji in the Dyje river basin in Czech Republic. Villagers from different age groups, experts, NGO members have been interviewed to understand people’s perceptions of flood risks and their actions.




Findings




The research has found that changing flood insurance policy influenced people’s risk perception. There is also increasing self-dependency among people to reduce impacts of disaster. They come together to support each other and develop collectivities in managing disaster. People’s actions and willingness to participate in disaster management activities change with distance from the river bank.




Research limitations/implications




The village identified for the case study research has been affected by floods after implementation of the Crisis Management Act No. 240/2000 Coll. The findings of the study are influenced by geographical location of the municipality and cannot be generalised in the Czech Republic.




Practical implications




The research has listed physical as well as socio-economic and cultural indicators of risk perception in the Czech Republic. These indicators and outcomes should help to assess and identify the gaps in reducing impacts of floods.




Originality/value




The study has revealed the interconnection between physical, socio-economic, and cultural factors of risk perception after implementing the Crisis Management Act No. 240/2000 Coll. and changing strategies in disaster management in the Czech Republic.

The perception of risk in the flood-prone area: a case study from the Czech municipality

People from chronic flood-affected areas in the Sundarban islands understand that individual efforts are not sufficient to deal with the floods of increasing magnitude caused by tidal waves in coastal areas and take proactive measures to minimise the impact of floods before turning to the government for support. Their perception of disaster risk influences them to engage in collective activities and develop strategies to mitigate flood disasters. However, many villagers do not participate in collective disaster management activities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors of homogeneity that motivate people to work together to reduce the impact of natural hazards.,Qualitative research has been conducted in Sibpur and Gobordhanpur villages of Indian Sundarban islands. Participant observation and in-depth interview have been applied to explore the collective activities of disaster reduction. Affected, non-affected villagers, representatives of the local government and government administrative officers have been interviewed to understand the disaster management efforts of the government and local people.,The research has found that drivers of homogeneity and leadership are important for collective activities in disaster management. Threat of disasters, potential loss of livelihood and damages of properties, emotional attachment with the village and ties with extended family members influence villagers to engage in collective activity. Collective activities of villagers help to address the local needs of disaster reduction to the government in a better way.,The study has revealed that strong leadership is required in effective collective activities to manage disaster in the Indian Sundarban islands.

Collective efforts of people to reduce disasters in the Indian Sundarban islands

Flood Emergency Management in a Village in the Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, the increasing impacts of floods in the
late twentieth century led local communities and governments to
question the usefulness of conventional ways in reducing the
risk of disaster This chapter aims to understand how changes
in risk perception and in the disaster management paradigm have
influenced the strategies local communities and government use
to reduce the risk of floods It finds that the perception of
risk has been changed by coordination between villagers and
local governments, the acceptability of local leadership,
social capital and social network, community resilience, a
sense of community, and by changes in insurance policies
Villagers trust the local government’s efforts to reduce the
impacts of floods, and the local government cannot overlook the
people’s voice in disaster management measures Clearly, both
risk perception and consciousness of self-responsibility
towards society influence people in the Czech Republic to
engage in reducing the risk of disaster

Risk Perception and Action to Reduce the Impact of Floods in the Czech Republic

After the fall of Communism in the Czech Republic, the centralised flood management was entrusted to a municipality. The new approach to disaster management in 1997 emphasised on emergency preparedness at the local level. The changing paradigms of emergency management and the changing rules and regulations of insurance companies have increased the responsibility of the local government to reduce the loss of property and save lives in villages. A qualitative method was used to explore a phenomenon in a bounded system and to understand the role and responsibilities of the municipality and the villagers' expectations. In addition, policy papers were examined to help understand the emergency planning of the municipality. The study found that successful emergency leadership is associated with adequate planning, appropriate strategies and effective implementation. The leaders must encourage subordinates and other individuals to participate actively in emergency management. It has been observed that the mayor created a ‘sense of urgency’ after assessing the prevailing institutional situation so that the plans to manage the emergency may be implemented immediately. The municipality also improves its disaster management strategies by identifying the causes of failure in the past, rectifying existing gaps, building confidence among villagers and preventing migration. It is not expected that all the stakeholders, staffs and elected members at the grassroots level engage in emergency management activities equally. However, leadership of a mayor can bind all the stakeholders to achieve a successful emergency management. They may not have adequate emergency management knowledge, but the sharing of knowledge through workshops and training programmes enhance their skills. The effective emergency management at the grassroots level not only requires collaborative strategies and human resource management, but also needs adequate management of funds. Because the local government can not always depend on voluntary participation and contribution, in which the mayor plays an important role. 

Flood emergency management in a municipality in the Czech Republic: A study of local strategies and leadership

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