Coccidiosis is a deadly disease that hampers chicken’s productivity and welfare. Thus, the disease is a major menace to the global poultry industry. Coccidiosis which is caused by the apicomplexan parasite of the genus Eimeria has seven known species which affect the different parts of the intestinal tract of chickens. The disease which occurs by ingestion of sporulated oocyst has been associated with poor poultry management system. Mixed infection among the species of this parasite contributes to both pathogenicity and misdiagnosis of the disease. A progress in identification and diagnosis approach which cuts across pathological, morphological and molecular has been reported for this parasite. Control measures which include anticoccidial drugs, vaccines and natural products have dominated literature for this disease. However, the emergence of genetic and antigenic diversity with implication on resistance to anticoccidials among different strains of Eimeria parasite has generated concerns on the effectiveness of the current anticoccidial vaccines. A new look on the control strategy therefore becomes imperative. This study reviews the current trends on the identification and control of chicken coccidiosis with focus on (1) Avian coccidiosis (2) Epidemiology of chicken coccidiosis (3) Eimeria parasite and distribution in poultry (4) Diagnosis of Eimeria parasite (5) Control measures of coccidiosis (6) Threats posed by genetic and antigenic diversity of Eimeria parasite on coccidiosis control. Genomic study on diversity of Eimeria parasite becomes imperative for effective vaccine design against coccidiosis.

/pdf/diagnosis-and-control-of-chicken-coccidiosis-a-recent-update-mkxepmn2fd.pdf

Diagnosis and control of chicken coccidiosis: a recent update

Although genetic and genomic tools have greatly furthered our understanding of resistance-associated mutations in molecular target sites of insecticides, the genomic basis of transcriptional regulation of detoxification loci in insect pests and vectors remains relatively unexplored. Recent work using RNAi, reporter assays and comparative genomics are beginning to reveal the molecular architecture of this response, identifying critical transcription factors and their binding sites. Central to this is the insect ortholog of the mammalian transcription factor Nrf2, Cap ‘n’ Collar isoform-C (CncC) which as a heterodimer with Maf-S regulates the transcription of phase I, II and III detoxification loci in a range of insects, with CncC knockdown or upregulation directly affecting phenotypic resistance. CncC:Maf binds to specific antioxidant response element sequences upstream of detoxification genes to initiate transcription. Recent work is now identifying these binding sites for resistance-associated loci and, coupled with genome sequence data and reporter assays, enabling identification of polymorphisms in the CncC:Maf binding site which regulate the insecticide resistance phenotype.

Regulating resistance: CncC:Maf, antioxidant response elements and the overexpression of detoxification genes in insecticide resistance

Thiamethoxam induces transgenerational hormesis effects and alteration of genes expression in Aphis gossypii

Dogs are the most common pet animals worldwide and perform a range of cultural, social, and economic functions in society. The objective of this study is to investigate, through cross-sectional survey, the distribution, types and prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites affecting dogs in and around Arusha municipality, Tanzania. Faecal samples collected from 241 non-descript, apparent healthy dogs were processed by sedimentation and floatations technique and then examined for protozoan oocyst and helminth eggs. Coprological examination revealed that 59.3% of the dogs excreted helminth eggs in their faeces. Dogs harbouring one-parasite eggs were more common (73.8%) than those harbouring two (12.4%) or three (0.4%). The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that Ancylostoma caninum eggs were by far the most common (57.2%). The other detected worm egg species and their respective frequencies were: Toxocara canis (13.7%), Mesostesphanus spp. (1.66%) and Taenia spp. (0.4%). Protozoan eggs (E. canis) were detected in two samples. The prevalence of helminth eggs was higher in young dogs (puppies) compared to adults (p＜0.05). The prevalence of different species of helminths also varied in different age groups, with Toxocara canis being higher in puppies than in adults (p=0.005). Sex-wise prevalence of helminths was not significant (p＞0.05). The high prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminth parasites of zoonotic potential registered in the dog population from a highly urban area in Arusha indicates a potential risk to human health. Increased awareness of their potential threat to human health coupled with additional research into the zoonotic capacity of Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. is desirable.

A Survey on Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Non-Descript Dogs in and Around Arusha Municipality, Tanzania

The geographical range of the typically host-specific species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) is often assumed to be similar to that of their hosts. We tested this assumption by reviewing the published records of twelve species of chewing lice parasitizing wild and domestic chicken, one of few bird species that occurs globally. We found that of the twelve species reviewed, eight appear to occur throughout the range of the host. This includes all the species considered to be native to wild chicken, except Oxylipeurus dentatus (Sugimoto, 1934). This species has only been reported from the native range of wild chicken in Southeast Asia and from parts of Central America and the Caribbean, where the host is introduced. Potentially, this discontinuous distribution is due to a low tolerance for dry environments, possibly exacerbated by competitive exclusion by Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch, 1866). Our examinations of O. dentatus also revealed that this species differs significantly from other species of Oxylipeurus in the male and female genitalia, head structure and chaetotaxy, and other morphological characters. We therefore here erect the monotypic genus Gallancyra gen. nov. for O. dentatus, and redescribe the type species.

/pdf/gallancyra-gen-nov-phthiraptera-ischnocera-with-an-overview-37bgeg0du8.pdf

Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

Coccidiosis is one of the most devastating diseases with a substantial economic impact to the poultry industry. Several re ports on the prevalence of avian coccidiosis in a number of states across N igeria have been documented. However, there is no published data on the overall prevalence of this disease on the poultry industry. In this pa per review, the prevalence of coccidiosis in the 6 geographical zones and its economic consequences was enumerated. The aetiological agents, signs, tre atment and control strategies were also highlighted. Prevalence of 14. 2%, 36-43%, 12% and 23.42% (North West zone); 9.5% and 11.4% (North east zone); 36-43%, 69% and 36.6% (North central zone); 12%, 51.5-07.6%, 3.5%, and (South west zone); 35.5% and 14% (South east zone); 36-43% and 15.14% (South south zone) were reported. An overall prevalence of 52.9% coccidiosis across the 6 geopolitical zones has been recorded. Losses associated with coccidiosis both direct and indirect components inc lude; the cost of control measures, production losses and potential consequen ces to poultry health from resistance to chemoprophylaxis in the region o f millions of Naira. Control is by good sanitary measures, avoiding wate r spillage, overcrowding, the use of prophylactic anticoccidial s “shuttle programme” and vaccination. This has implication to the poultr y production industry.

http://jakraya.com/journal/download.php?file=9-vriArticle_1.pdf

An Overview of the Prevalence of Avian Coccidiosis in Poultry Production and Its Economic Importance in Nigeria

Pigeon coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria spp., a protozoan parasite which limits productivity by causing severe illness. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the coccidiosis of pigeons in some parts of Nigeria, there is no published data from Kano State. The intestinal contents of 144 pigeons (72 females and 72 males) were analysed for Eimeria oocysts in 2007 from 12 Local Government Areas of Kano State over the period of six months including the dry (February–April) and wet (June–August) seasons. The pigeons were divided into three groups according to age: squabs (0–4 weeks), squeakers (5–8 weeks) and youngsters (9+ weeks); each group including 48 pigeons. The results of these studies revealed an overall prevalence of 19.44%. The prevalence was higher in females (20.83%) than males (18.06%) (p<0.05). Furthermore, squabs had the highest prevalence (27.08%) followed by squeakers (20.83%), and youngsters (10.42%) (p<0.05). Infection with Eimeria spp. oocysts was higher during the wet season (8.96%) than dry season (5.98%) (p<0.05). This study provides basic information on the first detection of coccidiosis of pigeons in Kano State, Nigeria which has an implication on the sustainable pigeon production for human protein reguirement.

Coccidiosis of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789) in Kano State, Nigeria

Viral diseases are major causes of severe economic losses in poultry worldwide. Information on the economic impact of these diseases in poultry in Abuja is scanty. This study assesses the economic impact from losses incurred due to the outbreaks of Newcastle disease, (ND), Infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Avian influenza (AI) in some selected poultry farms in Abuja from 2006 to 2015 as well as personnel perception and knowledge on the economic impact of the diseases. A six (6) poultry farms with history of outbreaks were sampled for the study from 3 Area Councils (Gwagwalada, Kuje and Municipal) in Abuja. Also, a total of 60 structured questionnaires were administered to personnel in the poultry industry. Economic losses were categorized into number and monetary value of birds lost, drop in production and loss of jobs. Data from farm records were collected, computed and analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Results indicated that ND, AI and IBD made up of 58%, 7.6% and 33% respectively from the recorded outbreaks. Also, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the cumulative outbreaks, monetary value of birds lost and layoff of workers amongst the selected farms. However, other economic variables showed no significant difference. In monetary terms, outbreaks of ND resulted in the highest cumulative losses ( ₦ 13 million) whilst AI caused more losses when evaluated per outbreak ( ₦ 2 million). Most respondents in the questionnaire survey were involved in commercial (22%) and household production (21.6%). Awareness level of respondents on outbreaks of AI was highest and lowest for ND. Also, poultry production is a massive area of employment while biosecurity in farms need to be improved. Therefore, preventive measures are vital as these viral diseases could hinder expected revenue in poultry farms and the need for further studies to elucidate the economic losses from recurring outbreaks. Keywords: Avian influenza, Economic loss, Infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease, Poultry

/pdf/the-economic-impact-of-some-important-viral-diseases-4nnymrbflc.pdf

The economic impact of some important viral diseases affecting the poultry industry in Abuja, Nigeria

The objective of the present study was to identify the significance of the Bursal-Body index (BB index) as a tool in assessing the health status of a chicken flock especially those under experimental condition. With the unending debate on the bursa of Fabricius as a diagnostic tool, a total of 135 day-of-hatch Dominant black Cockerel hybrid were housed in six separate houses with positive pressure and filtered airflow. Houses were assigned to the three vaccines (two intermediate (A, and C), and one intermediate plus (B) vaccine strain), a challenge group (D) and control group (E). The birds were vaccinated according to manufacturer’s directives on day 17th post hatch; challenge group was inoculated with 0.05 ml of very-virulent isolate of the infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) on the same day. On day(s) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 post vaccination/challenge (Dpv/c) three birds were humanely sacrificed from each group with Bursal-Body ratio (BB ratio) and Bursal-Body index (BB index) recorded. The values (>0.7, that is, no atrophy (mild vaccine); 0.3-0.7 (relative or transient atrophy (for intermediate or intermediate plus vaccine) and 0.05) observed between the groups. This indicating that BB index could be used as a tool in assessing the health status of a flock.

	Key words: Avian, Bursa of Fabricius, bursal-body index (BB index), infectious bursal disease (IBD).

/pdf/bursa-body-index-as-a-visual-indicator-for-the-assessment-of-52tw9xeqg6.pdf

Bursa body index as a visual indicator for the assessment of bursa of Fabricius

Haemoparasites of small ruminants reduce their productivity and could lead to high mortality. Information on the prevalence of haemoparasites in small ruminants in Lafia, Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria is scarce. Our study therefore aimed at determining the prevalence of haemoparasites of small ruminants in this area based on the parasite species, sex, age and breed. Seventy Two and 32 blood samples were collected over a time from goats (69.2%) and sheep (30.8%) respectively at the abattoir and examined for haemoparasites, using standard parasitological techniques. Overall, 21 (20.2%) of the small ruminants were infected with haemoparasites. Of these, haemoparasitic infections occurred in 23.61% and 12.5% of the goats and sheep examined. Anaplasma (13.5%), Babesia (4.8%) and Trypanosoma (1.9%) species were the commonest genera of haemoparasites observed in both goats and sheep. In the goats, 27.7% of the males were infected, while the haemoparasite infections occurred in 16% of the females. One (5.6%) and 3 (21.4%) of the male and female sheep respectively were infected. The prevalence of haemoparasites occurred more in the older goats and sheep, with the infection being higher in the adult goats (30.4%) than in the younger (11.5%) ones. Similarly, the infection was higher in the adult (18.2%) than in the younger sheep from which no infection was observed. According to the breeds of the goats, infections were more prevalent (26.2%) in the West African Dwarf (WAD), followed by the Kano Brown (21.7%) and Sahel (14.3%), while the prevalence rates were 40%, 9.1% and 6.3% in the Uda, Yankasa and Balami breeds of sheep respectively. The moderately high prevalence of haemoparasites recorded among small ruminants slaughtered for meat in Lafia, may suggest a preponderance of their vectors and therefore, calls for increased sustainable strategic measures of control.

Prevalence of Haemoparasites of Small Ruminants in Lafia Nassarawa State: A Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria -

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