Pure ZnO and Yttrium-doped (Y-doped) ZnO at various mol% with flower-like nanostructures are synthesized by a microwave-assisted sol-gel method, followed by investigating the morphologies, crystal structures, optical properties and photocatalytic performances. While the phase formations are detected by X-ray diffraction technique, both scanning and transmission electron microscopy images clearly depict the flower-like morphology of ZnO and Y-doped ZnO samples. Formation of flower petals is from the nanoparticles that grew and connected by orientation attachment process. The flower-like architecture is addressed in terms of an Ostwald ripening mechanism. The UV-Vis absorption studies show enhanced absorption for the Y-doped ZnO, whereas the photoluminescence spectra confirm the significance of sample defects in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Effects of various experimental parameters such as the amount of photocatalysts, dye concentration and dopant concentration on the dye degradation are also optimized.

Nanoflower-like Yttrium-doped ZnO Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye.

Photocatalytic performances of the synthesized cerium doped (Ce-doped) ZnO nanoflowers are reported in this work. A microwave-assisted sol–gel method is adopted for the synthesis of the nanomaterial and its structural and morphological features are characterized. While doping, the $$\hbox {Ce}^{3+}$$ ions occupy the sites of $$\hbox {Zn}^{2+}$$ ions in the hexagonal ZnO lattice, which is investigated by means of X-ray diffraction studies and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. At higher $$\hbox {Ce}^{3+}$$ concentrations, ultraviolet (UV) light absorption is quite high as evidenced by the UV–Vis absorption spectra. The photoluminescence study demonstrates higher oxygen vacancy and zinc interstitials for the Ce-doped ZnO compared to the undoped ZnO. Ce-doping improves the electrical properties of the sample as well. Finally, it is established that the Ce-doped ZnO nanoflower is highly efficient in UV degrading the methylene blue organic dye.

/pdf/effect-of-cerium-doping-on-the-optical-and-photocatalytic-4fteecm57c.pdf

Effect of cerium doping on the optical and photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanoflowers

The conventional isolation of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) process involves high energy input which leads to compromising the pulp fiber’s physical and chemical properties, in addition to the issue of elemental chlorine-based bleaching, which is associated with serious environmental issues. This study investigates the characteristic functional properties of CNFs extracted via total chlorine-free (TCF) bleached kenaf fiber followed by an eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) treatment process. The Fourier transmission infra-red FTIR spectra result gave remarkable effective delignification of the kenaf fiber as the treatment progressed. TEM images showed that the extracted CNFs have a diameter in the range of 10–15 nm and length of up to several micrometers, and thereby proved that the supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment followed by mild acid hydrolysis is an efficient technique to extract CNFs from the plant biomass. XRD analysis revealed that crystallinity of the fiber was enhanced after each treatment and the obtained crystallinity index of the raw fiber, alkali treated fiber, bleached fiber, and cellulose nanofiber were 33.2%, 54.6%, 88.4%, and 92.8% respectively. SEM images showed that amorphous portions like hemicellulose and lignin were removed completely after the alkali and bleaching treatment, respectively. Moreover, we fabricated a series of cellulose nanopapers using the extracted CNFs suspension via a simple vacuum filtration technique. The fabricated cellulose nanopaper exhibited a good tensile strength of 75.7 MPa at 2.45% strain.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/11/1813/pdf

Extraction of Cellulose Nanofibers via Eco-friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Treatment Followed by Mild Acid Hydrolysis and the Fabrication of Cellulose Nanopapers

The emergence of green clean technology has escalated the use of eco-friendly biopolymer by substituting petroleum-derived polymers. Over the years, natural biopolymers’ properties have been evaluated to check their applicability in food packaging industries. However, most of the biopolymers show poor barrier and mechanical properties compared to petroleum-derived polymers. Recently, cellulose nanocrystal has acquired attention of the researchers as potential prospective filler, which can overcome the drawbacks of biopolymer films. The basic advantages of cellulose nanocrystal are its high strength and stiffness, high surface area, biodegradability, etc. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass, animal, and bacterial cellulose have been used as feedstock of cellulose nanocrystal, and then incorporated into the biopolymer films. This review provides detailed procedure of cellulose nanocrystal extraction in a stepwise manner and discusses the changes in film properties after reinforcement into different biopolymers.

A Review on Preparation and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Incorporated Natural Biopolymer

Nanocrystalline cellulose isolation via acid hydrolysis from non-woody biomass: Importance of hydrolysis parameters.

This study aimed to characterize nanocellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by acid hydrolysis 60% (w/w) H2SO4 at 45 â—¦C. The effect of hydrolysis time (20, 30 and 40 min) on the structure and properties of the nanofibers was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the hemicellulose and lignin were removed extensively in the cellulose whiskers. The morphology and dimensions of the fibers and acid-released cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that SCB could be used as source to obtain cellulose whiskers and they had needle-like structures. Longer hydrolysis time produced a lower yield of nanofibers; whereas the degree of crystallinity increased from 38.22% to 65.37% with increasing hydrolysis time due to removal of amorphous cellulose.

Extraction and characterization of Nanocellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste

Chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals (Ch-CN) composites were prepared with different contents of CN.  Chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals films were obtained by casting of dispersions while the composition of films was varied from 5-20 wt. % of CN. Changes in the morphology of the systems were studied by SEM. The covalent linkage between CN and Ch was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. While and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the appearance of crystalline structure for the nanocomposite films which makes it more rigid. The overall mechanical properties of Ch are significantly improved due to the homogeneous dispersion of CN and the strong interfacial interactions resulting from hydrogen bonding between Ch chains and CN in addition to the biocompatibility of both Ch and CN materials.

Morphology and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced chitosan based nanocomposite

Superabsorbents hydrogel were prepared by grafting of sugarcane bagasse on polyacrylic acid by using N, N -methylenebisacrylamide as cross-linker and ammonium persulphate as initiator. Factors such as weight ratios of bagasse and acrylicacid monomer that affect the properties of the product were investigated. Properties of superabsorbent such as water uptake,gel fraction,morphological structure and thermal properties were also examined.

https://absb.journals.ekb.eg/article_23795_800bfc17e2a0437eb9c97061d61592f9.pdf

Synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent hydrogel based on sugarcane bagasse grafted onto polyacrylic

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Extraction and characterization of Nanocellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste

Morphology and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced chitosan based nanocomposite

Synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent hydrogel based on sugarcane bagasse grafted onto polyacrylic