Surveys the history of the Department of Energy, describing its structure, current functions, and influence on United States society.

The Department of Energy

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are a collection of transformative technologies for managing interconnected physical and computational capabilities. Recent developments in technology are increasing the availability and affordability of sensors, data acquisition systems, and computer networks. The competitive nature of industry requires manufacturers to implement new methodologies. CPS is a broad area of engineering which supports applications across industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, electric power grids, agriculture, and transportation. In particular, CPS is the core technology enabling the transition from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0 (I 4.0) and is transforming global advanced manufacturing. This paper provides a consolidated review of the latest CPS literature, a complete review of international standards, and a complete analysis of patent portfolios related to the 5C’s CPS architecture model by Lee et al. The critical evaluation of international standards and the intellectual property contained in CPS patents is unaddressed by the previous research and will benefit both academic scholars and industry practitioners. The analysis provides a basis for predicting research and development future trends and helps policy makers manage technology changes that will result from CPS in I 4.0. This paper covers the emerging I 4.0 standards from the International Organization for Standardization, the International Electrotechnical Commission, and China’s Guobiao standards followed by a patent analysis covering global patents issued in the U.S., Europe, China, and the World Intellectual Property Organization.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/145504/1/a4e24aba71568d3aaffa4a6071a7096f.pdf

A Review of Technology Standards and Patent Portfolios for Enabling Cyber-Physical Systems in Advanced Manufacturing

In recent years, a revolution named Industry 4.0 has arisen. Industry 4.0 is presented as the integration of new advances in areas such as Cyber-Physical Systems, the Internet of Things and Everyth...

Industry 4.0: survey from a system integration perspective

With the introduction of computers occurring more than 50 years ago, automation systems have become more powerful, comprehensive, and complex. The key to handling this complexity was the introduction of many aspects, including architecture models that structure and standardize functions, information, and its exchange; procedures; and the interaction of subsystems. With the recent Industry 4.0 and industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) movements, such models have received fresh attention and have grown in complexity. This article reviews the evolution of automation models. It compares several recent approaches, their standardization, and recent computing paradigms, and discusses their practical use and importance for modern automation systems.

Why We Need Automation Models: Handling Complexity in Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things

A PMU-data-driven disruptive event classification in distribution systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a new paradigm of future intelligent systems. They consist of loosely coupled subsystems which interact with mechanisms of Service-oriented Architecture (SoA). In this paper we try to open a new topic in industrial communications. This topic is focused on basic communication patterns within CPSs. Patterns are abstract and generic solutions for common problems in the design of systems. They have a defined feature set, their flaws are known, and they help to avoid repeating errors. Furthermore, patterns introduce a common vocabulary within a community, which simplifies communication between people and documentation. Patterns often represent best practices that are used in already existing protocols. Therefore this work starts to evaluate different existing communication protocols in the scope of SoA and loosely coupled systems, extracts common tasks and implementations, and identifies common communication patterns.

Communication patterns for Cyber-Physical Systems

Communication networks are an essential part of any cyber-physical system (CPS) as they interconnect the CPS subsystems and components. In this chapter, we first introduce CPSs and the major role of networked control in such systems. Then, data communication networks are outlined in general and the different types of communication networks for CPSs are presented. The chapter goes on to describe some of the deficiencies of data networks and their influences on control loops. Thereafter, we highlight the need for improved communication reliability to realize CPSs and describe the existing general approaches to improve it. The potential benefits and the challenges to use the Internet are discussed after that. This is followed by considering a prominent communication standard for CPSs in the domain of smart grids. Then, the importance of pattern-based development is indicated and a description of common communication patterns for CPSs is provided. Finally, we conclude this chapter.

Communications for Cyber-Physical Systems

For cyber-physical systems (CPSs), communications system reliability is an indispensable requirement to realize them in critical infrastructures. One of the important attributes of system reliability is availability. System availability is broadly defined as the proportion of time that the system will provide service. In some CPSs, such as smart grids, the units are distributed over large geographical areas. For such systems, the use of Internet to connect their units is highly desirable. However, the reliability of today's Internet was considered to be inadequate to support many CPSs. In this paper, we propose the utilization of multipath (MP) communications using different end-to-end (e2e) paths to improve communications reliability of Internet for CPSs. With this regard, we first formulate the problem of multipath selection to provide the required communications reliability as an optimization problem. After that, we conduct first real world measurements to investigate the diversity of different e2e paths and the reduction in communications service unavailability when 2 and 3 paths between the source and destination are considered simultaneously. Our results indicate the existence of e2e paths that traverse completely different networks and, consequently, are likely to be disjoint. In addition, the concurrent unavailability of different 2 and 3 paths combinations was 0. The results show that MP communications using different e2e Internet paths can achieve the required reliability by many CPSs such as smart grids.

Potential of multipath communications to improve communications reliability for internet-based cyberphysical systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are a new paradigm of control systems where control, communication, and computation fields intersect Applications of such systems are expected to play an important role in many domains in the future This includes critical domains such as transportation and health domains Hence, it is quite important for such systems to operate reliably Moreover, many CPS applications are characterized by having different modes of operation along with different corresponding traffic patterns and communication requirements All this requires reliable communication networks that provide not only quality of service (QoS) support but also flexibility to adapt according to the varying communication requirements of the application/user On the other hand, recent cellular standards such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) offer higher QoS control compared to earlier cellular standards with the ability to differentiate traffic at both the service and user levels In this paper, we evaluate the ability of LTE cellular technology under certain QoS and load conditions to provide reliable communications for CPS applications characterized by possessing different modes of operation along with different corresponding traffic patterns and communication requirements Our evaluation results indicate the ability of LTE cellular technology to provide reliable and adaptable communications for CPSs when QoS is provided

Utilizing LTE QoS features to provide a reliable access network for cyber-physical systems

The vision of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) considered the Internet as the future communication network for such systems. A challenge with this regard is to provide high communication reliability, especially, for CPSs applications in critical infrastructures. Examples include smart grid applications with reliability requirements between 99–99.9999% [2]. Even though the Internet is a cost effective solution for such applications, the reliability of its end-to-end (e2e) paths is inadequate (often less than 99%). In this paper, we propose Reliable Multipath Communication Approach for Internet-based CPSs (RC4CPS). RC4CPS is an e2e approach that utilizes the inherent redundancy of the Internet and multipath (MP) transport protocols concept to improve reliability measured in terms of availability. It provides online monitoring and MP selection in order to fulfill the application specific reliability requirement. In addition, our MP selection considers e2e paths dependency and unavailability prediction to maximize the reliability gains of MP communication. Our results show that RC4CPS dynamic MP selection satisfied the reliability requirement along with selecting e2e paths with low dependency and unavailability probability.

Reliable multipath communication approach for internet-based cyber-physical systems

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