Book reviewPhysics of non-crystalline solids: edited by J. A. Prins. 667 pages, diagrams, illus. 6 × 9 in. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Interscience, 1965. Price, $27.50

Investigation of bismuth borate glass system modified with barium for structural and gamma-ray shielding properties.

Research in borate glasses has started as a scientific curiosity and as an aid to explain the structure of oxide glasses in general. This effort led to a better understanding of the structure and unique properties of borate glasses. Although silicate and borosilicate glasses satisfy the vast majority of scientific and industrial needs, there are certain circumstances where they are not satisfactory. Furthermore, borate glasses offer certain advantages over silicate glasses which are not well known, neither well explored. However, certain characteristics of borate glasses such as their affinity to water requires that they are well selected, designed, or developed to satisfy the specifications of a given application. This review aims to explore and report some of the key properties of binary borate glasses. It also provides certain guidelines for several applications where the scientific literature is discussed in connection with industrial experience and technological needs.

Borate glasses for scientific and industrial applications: a review

Heavy metal oxide glasses as gamma rays shielding material

The present work critically reviews the scientific and patent literature on low melting bismuth based oxide glass frits in materials for electronics, sensors and related applications such as sealing glasses, solar cells, architectural and automotive glass, the main motivation being to replace lead based materials by environmentally more benign ones. Due to similar glass forming properties of Bi and Pb, Bi based glasses are the closest ‘drop-in’ alternative for lead bearing formulations, and are therefore actually replacing them in many applications, helped also by previous experience with Bi containing materials in thick film technology and component metallisations. The outstanding issues are discussed, e.g. matching the lowest processing temperatures achieved by the classical lead based glasses without sacrificing durability and stability, as well as stability versus chemical reduction. Finally, consideration is also given to special ‘heavy’ glasses (often containing Bi and Pb together) that are ...

/pdf/review-of-bi2o3-based-glasses-for-electronics-and-related-4yow1loudo.pdf

Review of Bi2O3 based glasses for electronics and related applications

Zinc and barium metaphosphate glasses containing dopants of MnO2 (2, 4, 8%) were prepared. Collective studies were carried out through optical, photoluminescence and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral measurements for the prepared glasses before and after gamma irradiation. Electron spin resonance (ESR), thermal expansion and crystallization studies were also investigated. Optical spectra for undoped and MnO2–glasses reveal strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption due to trace iron impurity in the materials used for preparation of glasses and Mn2 + ions are not identified due to spin–forbidden nature of their spectra. Upon gamma irradiation, the MnO2–doped glasses reveal extension of the UV absorption exhibiting two peaks together with the generation of an induced broad visible band centered at 570–580 nm. Extra two glasses doped with 8% MnO2 were melted under reducing condition and they showed characteristic band at 410 nm related to Mn2 + ions absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra reveal two excitation peaks in MnO2–doped zinc phosphate glasses at 348 and a sharp peak at 410 nm while the MnO2–doped barium phosphate glasses exhibit a sharp peak at 410 nm and a curvature at 348 nm. The emission spectra show a broad band centered at 620 nm in both glasses but with a curvature at 605–610 nm in zinc phosphate glasses which are correlated with the transition 4T1g → 6A1g.The efficiency of the photoluminescence increases with the MnO2 content and the heat treatment. The values of the optical band gap (Eopt) and Urbach energy (∆ E) were calculated. FTIR spectra reveal vibrational bands due to phosphate network mainly of metaphosphate groups but in zinc phosphate glasses, the mid spectra show compact network because of the ability of Zn2 + ions to participate partly as ZnO4 or P–O–Zn linkages. Thermal expansion data show different responses. Zinc phosphate glasses show anomalous behavior related to the change in the coordination of zinc cations while barium phosphate glasses exhibit normal expansion because Ba2 + ions exist only as modifiers. The crystallization behavior reflects also anomalous behavior. The zinc phosphate glass crystallizes in two crystalline species, mainly zinc metaphosphate phase and another zinc phosphate (3ZnO·P2O5) phase while the barium phosphate glass crystallizes only in barium metaphosphate phase.

Photoluminescence and spectral performance of manganese ions in zinc phosphate and barium phosphate host glasses

Citrate sol–gel method has been employed for synthesis of Zn1˗x˗yMnxCryO nanomaterials. Binary Zn0.9Mn0.1O and Zn0.9Cr0.1O nanomaterials were prepared and their optical and magnetic properties were investigated as reference compositions for the individual behavior of both of Mn- and Cr doping, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. For low Mn–Cr-codoping contents, i.e., 2 and 4%, XRD revealed formation of single-phase ZnO nanoparticles in the wurtzite type hexagonal lattice, whereas 10% doping concentration, either Mn- or Cr-single doping or codoping, resulted in formation of wurtzite ZnO as a major phase with ZnMnO3 or/and ZnCr2O4 secondary phases. From XRD and HRTEM, the produced nanomaterials have average crystallite sizes ranged from 15 to 35 nm. Applying Kubelka–Munk function, optical band gap energy (Eopt) was determined. Eopt of single Mn- and Cr-doped ZnO increased than that of bulk ZnO mainly due to Burstein–Moss effect, whereas it decreased in the codoped Zn1−x−yMnxCryO because of the negative and positive corrections in the conduction and valence band, respectively, brought about by alteration of the sp–d exchange interactions between the band electrons and the localized d-electrons of the Mn2+ and Cr3+ ions. Magnetization measurements indicated that Cr induced the paramagnetism, while Mn induced the RT ferromagnetism in the synthesized Zn1−x−yMnxCryO nanoparticles. The ferromagnetic Zn1−x−yMnxCryO compositions could be potential candidates for Mn–Cr-codoped ZnO-based DMS nanoparticles.

Structure, optical and ferromagnetic properties of Zn1−x−yMnxCryO nanoparticles diluted magnetic semiconductors synthesized by citrate sol–gel method

Radiation-induced defects generated by successive gamma irradiation have been investigated in V 2 O 5 -doped phosphate glasses of three basic compositions, namely, sodium metaphosphate, lead metaphosphate and zinc metaphosphate. Glasses were prepared from chemically pure materials. Melting was carried at 900°–1100 °C for 1 h and with several stirrings of the melt to achieve homogeneity. The glassy samples were annealed at 200°–250 °C and left to cool to room temperature at a rate of 20 °C/h. Polished samples from undoped and V-doped samples of equal thickness. ~ 2 mm were measured in a double beam UV–visible spectrophotometer at 200–1000 nm before and after gamma irradiation. Induced defects were analyzed for these three phosphate glass systems. Infrared absorption spectra were measured for the prepared undoped and V-doped samples by the KBr technique before irradiation and after being subjected to a high dose of 7 M Rads (7 × 10 4  Gy). The cumulative effects of gamma irradiation on the UV–visible spectra are correlated with the intrinsic and extrinsic defects within the various three glasses. Some shielding behavior for the various glasses towards successive gamma irradiation are observed and realized in relation to the different partner anions studied. The effect of gamma irradiation on IR spectra indicates the persistence of the main characteristic bands due to phosphate network and the minor changes are correlated with the possible changes in the bond lengths and/or bond angles of the building units during the irradiation process. The effect of V 2 O 5 on the IR spectra is correlated with the depolymerization effect of the glass network.

UV-visible and infrared absorption spectra of gamma irradiated V2O5-doped in sodium phosphate, lead phosphate, zinc phosphate glasses: A comparative study

The present study aimed at studying the acceleration of the bioactive layer on the surface of ferrimagnetic glass ceramic with a basic composition 40Fe2O3–15P2O5–20SiO2–5TiO2 through the addition of 20% of different types of metal oxides like MgO or CaO or MnO or CuO or ZnO or CeO2. SEM, EDAX, and ICP were applied to present the results of the study. SEM and EDAX measurements indicated the presence of apatite layer formed on the surface of the prepared glass ceramics after immersion in SBF within 7 to 30 days. The investigation of the results clarified that the addition of CaO or ZnO accelerated the formation of apatite on the surfaces of the samples in the simulated body fluid faster than other metal oxides. Inductive coupled plasma (ICP) analysis shows the evolution of ion extraction by the simulated body fluid solution (SBF) with time in relation to the elemental composition.

/pdf/in-vitro-evaluation-of-some-types-of-ferrimagnetic-glass-57qrn2lteh.pdf

In Vitro Evaluation of Some Types of Ferrimagnetic Glass Ceramics

Optical and FT Infrared spectroscopic measurements have been utilized to investigate and characterize binary bismuth silicate glass together with derived samples by replacements of parts of the Bi2O3 by SrO, BaO, or PbO. This study aims to justify and compare the spectral and shielding behavior of the studied glasses containing heavy metal ions towards gamma irradiation. The study also aims to measure or calculate the optical energy band gap of these glasses. The replacements of parts of Bi2O3 by SrO, BaO or PbO caused some changes within the optical and infrared absorption spectra due to the different housing positions and physical properties of the respective divalent Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ ions. The stability of both the optical and infrared spectra of the studied bismuth silicate glass and related samples towards gamma irradiation confirm some shielding behavior of the studied glasses and their suitability as radiation shielding candidates.

Optical Properties and Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Bismuth Silicate Glasses Containing SrO, BaO or PbO

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