TiO2 is one of the most important metal oxides which are widely applied in various fields, and the modifications of synthesis process and in-depth characterization are growing up day by day. Nano Anatase and Rutile phases of TiO2 were synthesized from titanium iso-butoxide following an easy approach where no toxic chemicals were utilized. Nano-TiO2 (Rutile phase) was synthesized from the thermal conversion of the nano-Anatase phase (which was obtained at room temperature) at 700 °C temperature for 2 h. Anatase and Rutile phases were confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and matched with the standard database. Different crystallographic parameters such as lattice parameters, and preference growth were calculated from the XRD data. Different methods were utilized to estimate the crystallite size of the Anatase and Rutile phase of TiO2 by using the Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall plot, Monshi-Scherrer Model, Size-strain plot method, Halder- Wagner Model, and Sahadat-Scherrer Model. All the models presented crystallite size in the accepted region, and linear regression coefficients were also taken into consideration. In addition to the crystallite size, various intrinsic parameters such as stress, strain and energy density were also computed from the mentioned models based on XRD. 

Easy and green synthesis of TiO2 (Anatase and Rutile): Estimation of crystallite size using Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall plot, Monshi-Scherrer Model, size-strain plot, Halder- Wagner Model

Leather and textile industrial effluents are the main disseminating routes for chromium contamination of water bodies, causing adverse impacts on public and environmental health. The attempt to remediate chromium through conventional wastewater treatment methods is inefficient. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize zinc-doped nickel ferrite pinecone biochar (Zn-NiF@PBC) nanocomposite for the removal of chromium from wastewater systems. The Zn-NiF@PBC nanocomposite was synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The properties of zinc-doped nickel ferrite (Zn-NiF) were effectively modified by blending with biochar at 1, 5, 10, and 15 % (w/w) which was successfully embedded with Zn-Ni ferrite nanoparticles. This was characterized and confirmed by typical adsorbent properties such as a high surface area of 104 m2/g, conducive pore volume of 0.117 cm3/g and pore size of 3.41 nm (BET), interactive multi-functional groups (FTIR), surface charge determination (pHpzc,), crystalline structure (XRD) and very rough surface morphology (SEM). The maximum chromium adsorption was found to be 95 % at the specific experimental condition of pH 3, adsorbent dose 1 g/50 mL, contact time 120 min, and initial chromium concentration 100 mg/L. The adsorption experimental data was best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm at R2 0.98 indicating the adsorption process was homogeneous and monolayer whereas the kinetics adsorption was resembling the second-order kinetic at R2 0.99. Moreover, the adsorption thermodynamics was spontaneous, endothermic, and increased the change in entropy. Finally, the regeneration of Zn-NiF@PBC was found to be effective up to five 5 cycles but gradually degrading in terms of removal efficiency after 3 cycles. In general, Zn-NiF@PBC can remediate chromium from wastewater with huge potential for scale-up and extend to other pollutants clear-up. 

Advancing the development of nanocomposite adsorbent through zinc-doped nickel ferrite-pinecone biochar for removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater.

Hysteresis loop properties of rare earth doped spinel ferrites: A review

We report the synthesis of Y-substituted Mg–Zn [Mg0.5Zn0.5Yx Fe2−x O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05)] ferrites using conventional standard ceramic technique. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), FTIR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy and quantum design physical properties measurement system (PPMS). XRD patterns confirm the single phase cubic spinel structure up to x = 0.03 and appearance of a secondary phase of YFeO3 for higher Y contents. FESEM images depict the distribution of grains and EDS spectra confirmed the absence of any unwanted element. Completion of solid state reaction and formation of spinel structure has been revealed from FTIR spectra. The FTIR data along with lattice constant, bulk density and porosity were further used to calculate the stiffness constant (Cij), elastic constant and Debye temperatures. Mechanical stability of all studied compositions is confirmed from Cij using Born stability conditions. Brittleness and isotropic nature are also confirmed using Poisson's ratio and anisotropy constants, respectively. The enhancement of dc electrical resistivity (105Ω cm to 106Ω cm) with Y content is observed. The energy band gap (increased with Y contents) is found in good agreement with dc electrical resistivity. Ferrimagnetic to paramagnetic phase change has been observed from the field dependent high temperature magnetization curves. The magnetic moments and saturation magnetization were found to be decreased with increasing temperature. The Curie temperature (Tc) has been measured from temperature dependent magnetic moment (M-T) and initial permeability (μ'i-T) measurements and found to be in good agreement with each other. Decrease in Tc with Y content is due to redistribution of cations and weakening of the exchange coupling constant. The magnetic phase transition has been analyzed by Arrott plot and found to have second order phase transition. The dc resistivity endorses the prepared ferrites are suitable for high frequency and high temperature magnetic device applications as well.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ab7791/pdf

Mechanical behavior, enhanced dc resistivity, energy band gap and high temperature magnetic properties of Y-substituted Mg-Zn ferrites

Un-doped and Ni-doped lanthanum ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by solid-state method. Ni concentration-dependent structural, dielectric and optical properties of synthesized nanoparticles were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed predominant single-phase orthorhombic crystal structure with space group Pbnm in all samples. Average crystallite size was found to vary from 19 to 21 nm with Ni concentration. The field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed nanocrystalline structure with homogenous distribution of particles. UV–Vis–NIR diffuse spectra captured at room temperature indicate that La1−xNixFeO3 is an indirect band gap material. The band gap varies from 1.70 to 1.85 eV with changing Ni concentration. Frequency-dependent dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity were studied at room temperature. The dielectric constant was found to increase with increasing Ni content at high frequency. The loss factor resulted from domain wall resonance exhibited an identical dispersion behavior of dielectric constant. At high frequencies, the dielectric losses of orthoferrites were found to be low. This is attributed to the restricted motion of domain wall pointing its plausible practical applications in magnetically tunable filters and oscillators.

/pdf/dielectric-and-optical-properties-of-ni-doped-lafeo3-1mp58t295j.pdf

Dielectric and optical properties of Ni-doped LaFeO3 nanoparticles

Polycrystalline Bi0.90Eu0.10Fe1-xVxO3 (BEFVO) (where x = 0.00 to 0.10) ceramics were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that all the samples possess hexagonal crystal structures with some impurity peaks. Gold Schmidt’s tolerance factor of the samples was found 0.8436 to 0.8478 which represents more stability of the doped BiFeO3 (BFO) than parent BFO. The crystallite size was found in the range of 65–33 nm. The density gradually increases with increasing the V concentration and the maximum bulk density (ρB = 6.981 g/cm3) is obtained for the x = 0.10 sample. The obtained average grain size is found in the micrometer range and the values are in the range of 1.31–0.74 µm. The maximum dielectric constant of 2577 at 102 Hz is found for the x = 0.07 sample. The resistivity decreases with doping concentration as a result of ac conductivity increases. The highest transition frequency of long-range to short-range mobility of charge carriers is obtained for the x = 0.07 sample. The highest real part of the initial permeability of 25.24 is found for x = 0.07 multiferroic ceramics. For the x = 0.07 sample, the maximal saturation magnetization is found to be 1.91 emu/g. The studied samples comprise large electric polarization and the optimum polarization of 7.5 μc/cm2 is observed for the x = 0.07 composition. 

Synthesis and Characterization of Dielectric, Electric, and Magnetic Properties of Vanadium Doped-Bismuth Europium Ferrites for Multiferroic Applications

Enhancement of coercivity, permeability, and dielectric properties of Co0.2Zn0.3Ni0.5Eu Fe2–O4 ferrites for memory and high frequency devices

Enhancement of magnetic and dielectric properties in (1-x).BEFO+ x.NZF nano composites

Structure-based magnetic, electrical and transport properties of Ni–Zn–Co ferrite by V5+ substitution

Fe82Si8B10 amorphous ribbon which containing 82% of Fe and 18% of B and Si were prepared using rapid solidification technique. The samples were constantly annealed for 1 hour in the temperature range of 350°C-600°C. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) displays a large peak which is the diffusion hallow suggesting the amorphousity in its origin and formation of crystalline phase with the increment of annealing temperature at 450oC. The magnetic ordering of the ribbon is determined as temperature functions by both AC and DC magnetization. At 450°C, the saturation magnetization (Ms) was found 143 emu/gm and with better value of real part of initial permeability at 450°C as well as better relative quality factor (RQF) was observed at the same temperature. The results are explained as due to higher heating rates than this Si diffuse in amorphous and lost the soft magnetic properties.
Journal of Engineering Science 13(1), 2022, 1-8

pdf/growth-effect-of-crystallites-in-fe82si8b10-amorphous-ribbon-1rcx8ybg.pdf

Growth Effect of Crystallites in Fe82Si8B10 Amorphous Ribbon

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