Electron transporting layer (ETL)-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit promising progress in photovoltaic devices due to the elimination of the complex and energy-/time-consuming preparation route of ETLs. However, the performance of ETL-free devices still lags behind conventional devices because of mismatched energy levels and undesired interfacial charge recombination. In this study, we introduce sodium fluoride (NaF) as an interface layer in ETL-free PSCs to align the energy level between the perovskite and the FTO electrode. KPFM measurements clearly show that the NaF layer covers the surface of rough underlying FTO very well. This interface modification reduces the work function of FTO by forming an interfacial dipole layer, leading to band bending at the FTO/perovskite interface, which facilitates an effective electron carrier collection. Besides, the part of Na+ ions is found to be able to migrate into the absorber layer, facilitating enlarged grains and spontaneous passivation of the perovskite layer. As a result, the efficiency of the NaF-treated cell reaches 20%, comparable to those of state-of-the-art ETL-based cells. Moreover, this strategy effectively enhances the operational stability of devices by preserving 94% of the initial efficiency after storage for 500 h under continuous light soaking at 55 °C. Overall, these improvements in photovoltaic properties are clear indicators of enhanced interface passivation by NaF-based interface engineering.

Facile NaF Treatment Achieves 20% Efficient ETL-Free Perovskite Solar Cells.

A robust perovskite-buried interface is pivotal for achieving high-performance flexible indoor photovoltaics as it significantly influences charge transport and extraction efficiency. Herein, we introduce a molecular bridge strategy utilizing sodium 2-cyanoacetate (SZC) additive at the perovskite-buried interface to simultaneously achieve in situ passivation of interfacial defects and bottom-up crystallization modulation, resulting in high performance flexible indoor photovoltaic applications. Supported by both theoretical calculations and experimental evidences, we illustrate how SZCs serve as molecular bridges, establishing robust bonds between SnO2 transport layer and perovskite, mitigating oxygen vacancy defects and under-coordinated Pb defects at interface during flexible fabrication. This, in turn, enhances interfacial energy level alignment and facilitates efficient carrier transport. Moreover, our in situ investigation of perovskite crystallization dynamics reveals bottom-up crystallization modulation, extending perovskite growth at the buried interface and influencing subsequent surface recrystallization. This results in larger crystalline grains and improved lattice strain of the perovskite during flexible fabrication. Finally, the optimized flexible solar cells achieve an impressive efficiency exceeding 41% at 1000 lux, with a fill factor as high as 84.32%. The concept of the molecular bridge represents a significant advancement in enhancing the performance of perovskite-based flexible indoor photovoltaics for the upcoming era of the Internet of Things (IoT ). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Flexible Indoor Perovskite Solar Cells by in Situ Bottom-up Crystallization Modulation and Interfacial Passivation.

Inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite has a substantial potential for triple‐junction tandem solar cells as a top subcell, however it exhibits relative instability in the air compared with organic‐inorganic perovskites as well as significantly lower efficiency than the theoretical efficiency limit. To further enhance the air‐stability and efficiency of CsPbI2Br‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), it is vitally crucial to improve the crystallinity and passivate the defects within films that accelerate the phase transformation to the photo‐inactive phase in the air. Here, it is reported that crystallization management via incorporating sodium formate (NaFo) in a CsPbI2Br perovskite solution effectively leads to enlarged grain size and the reduced trap density. The Na+ cation and HOOC− anion produce a synergistic effect for engineering the defects by acting as cation and pseudo‐halide anion passivators, respectively. As a result, the NaFo‐incorporating device shows an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.7% with a fill factor (FF) of 84.5%. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this progressive FF value is the highest value among CsPbI2Br‐based PSCs reported thus far. In addition, the NaFo‐incorporated device shows improved air stability compared to the control device, retaining over 95% of its initial PCE for 1000 hours under 10% relative humidity at room temperature without any encapsulation.

High Fill Factor CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells Via Crystallization Management

Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have emerged as a family of polymeric materials which are being increasingly investigated for interdisciplinary applications recently. The high electrical conductivity, excellent thermal/mechanical stability, low vapor pressure,...

Poly(ionic liquid)s: An emerging platform for green chemistry

In order to realize both efficient and stable perovskite solar cells, designing electron transport layer (ETL) is of crucial importance to withstand constant light illumination and thermal stress while maintaining high charge extractability. Herein, commonly used SnO2 nanoparticle‐based ETL for perovskite solar cells is modified by ionic‐salt ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl2∙2H2O) as additives, which is easily fabricated by simple one‐step spin coating of single precursor solution. With the presence of these dual additives at the ETL, the crystallinity of the upper perovskite layer is clearly enhanced. Defect analyses on the devices suggest that these modifications can effectively passivate trap sites that reside within the ETL and at the perovskite interfaces with the carrier‐transport layers. As a result, the modified SnO2 ETL results in an improvement of device stability under thermal or light stress condition, maintaining over 80% of its initial efficiency after ≈2000 h storage under elevated temperature (85 °C) and after ≈2400 h of operation under 1 sun illumination.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/admi.202202148

Design of SnO2 Electron Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve 2000 h Stability Under 1 Sun Illumination and 85 °C

A sodium chloride modification was applied where different amounts of sodium chloride was physically blended in a tin oxide colloid solution to passivate the interface between the electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite layer and improve the performance of perovskite solar cells. Sodium chloride-modified tin oxide was utilized as the electron transport material to fabricate perovskite solar cells. It was found that sodium chloride-modified tin oxide as an ETL could considerably enhance the performance of the device compared to pristine tin oxide. The power conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell displayed 8.8% remarkable improvement from 18.7 ± 0.4% to 20.3 ± 0.3% on average and 9.5% improvement from 18.9 to 20.7% in champion devices because of the considerable enhancement of the fill factor when 25 mM sodium chloride-modified tin oxide as the ETL was used in comparison with pristine tin oxide.

A Sodium Chloride Modification of SnO2 Electron Transport Layers to Enhance the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cell devices have improved significantly in efficiency and are on the verge to commercialization. However, device stability has not yet been fully met. In this paper, we use...

/pdf/ionic-and-poly-ionic-liquids-as-perovskite-passivating-1nvdzxe5.pdf

Ionic and Poly(ionic liquids) as Perovskite Passivating Molecules for Improved Solar Cell Performances.

FAPbI3-Nanoparticles with ligands act synergistically in absorbent layers for high-performance and stable FAPbI3 based perovskite solar cells

Inkjet-printed Perovskite solar cells made by a self-quenching method using low toxicity solvent

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A Sodium Chloride Modification of SnO2 Electron Transport Layers to Enhance the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Ionic and Poly(ionic liquids) as Perovskite Passivating Molecules for Improved Solar Cell Performances.

FAPbI3-Nanoparticles with ligands act synergistically in absorbent layers for high-performance and stable FAPbI3 based perovskite solar cells

Inkjet-printed Perovskite solar cells made by a self-quenching method using low toxicity solvent