The critical current density Jc, which is a maximum value of zero-resistivity current density, is required to exhibit not only larger value but also lower anisotropy in a magnetic field B for applications of high-Tc superconductors. Heavy-ion irradiation introduces nanometer-scale irradiation tracks, i.e., columnar defects (CDs) into high-Tc superconducting materials, which can modify both the absolute value and the anisotropy of Jc in a controlled manner: the unique structures of CDs, which significantly affect the Jc properties, are engineered by adjusting the irradiation conditions such as the irradiation energy and the incident direction. This paper reviews the modifications of the Jc anisotropy in high-Tc superconductors using CDs installed by heavy-ion irradiations. The direction-dispersion of CDs, which is tuned by the combination of the plural irradiation directions, can provide a variety of the magnetic field angular variations of Jc in high-Tc superconductors: CDs crossing at ±θi relative to the c-axis of YBa2Cu3Oy films induce a broad peak of Jc centered at B || c for θi < ±45°, whereas the crossing angle of θi ≥ ±45° cause not a Jc peak centered at B || c but two peaks of Jc at the irradiation angles. The anisotropy of Jc can also modified by tuning the continuity of CDs: short segmented CDs formed by heavy-ion irradiation with relatively low energy are more effective to improve Jc in a wide magnetic field angular region. The modifications of the Jc anisotropy are discussed on the basis of both structures of CDs and flux line structures depending on the magnetic field directions.

Modification of Critical Current Density Anisotropy in High-Tc Superconductors by Using Heavy-Ion Irradiations

We show that Xe-ion irradiation with 80 MeV to GdBa2Cu3O y coated conductors creates different morphologies of columnar defects (CDs) depending on the irradiation angles θ i relative to the c-axis: continuous CDs with a larger diameter are formed for the oblique irradiation at θ i = 45°, whereas the same ion beam at different angle (θ i = 0°) induces the formation of discontinuous CDs. The direction-dependent morphologies of CDs significantly affect the angular behavior of critical current density J c. In particular, the low energy irradiation defects induce further improvement of J c in a unique combination of the irradiation angles of θ i = 0° and ±45°: the discontinuous CDs at θ i = 0° and the crossed CDs at θ i = ±45° provide correlated pinning in a wide angular range, which is more strongly enhanced by each other via the pinning of kinks.

Strong flux pinning by columnar defects with directionally dependent morphologies in GdBCO-coated conductors irradiated with 80 MeV Xe ions

The morphologies of ion tracks tilted at different angles were systematically investigated by TEM observations on GdBCO coated conductors irradiated with 80 MeV Xe ions. The 80 MeV Xe ion beam along the c-axis produced shortly segmented (discontinuous) columnar defects (CDs) along the ion path throughout the sample. When the ion beam was tilted at slight angle of 20° from the c-axis, by contrast, not discontinuous CDs but thick and elongated (continuous) ones were formed in the irradiation direction. The formation of continuous CDs was observed to a deeper depth from the surface for the irradiation tilted at larger angle from the c-axis. The variation of the microstructures against the irradiation angles was caused by the anisotropic temperature spread during the formation of CDs, which was attributed to the anisotropic thermal diffusivity in high-Tc superconductors. We also demonstrated that discontinuous CDs could be formed at the irradiation angle of ±45° relative to the c-axis into YBCO thin films by using 50 MeV Kr ions, which was the irradiation condition estimated backwards from the directional dependent morphology of CDs.

Morphology of Columnar Defects Dependent on Irradiation Direction in High-Tc Superconductors

We investigated the combined effect of flux pinning by three-directional columnar defects (CDs) in a wide field-angular range of YBa2Cu3Oy thin films, where CDs parallel to the c-axis and CDs crossing at ±θi (θi = 45°, 60° and 80°) relative to the c-axis were installed by 200 MeV Xe-ion irradiations. The three-directional CDs with θi ≤ ±60° form a field angular curve of critical current density Jc with a broad peak centered at magnetic field (B) parallel to the c-axis, whereas the Jc shows no peaks around the crossing angles of ±θi. When the crossing angle is expanded to θi= ±80°, a drastic change in the field- angular behavior of Jc is induced: there is not a large enhancement of Jc around B || c, but two large peaks of Jc emerge at the two irradiation angles of θi= ±80°. We also demonstrated that the combined configuration consisting of CDs at θi = 0°, ±45°, ±60° and ±80° provides a uniform enhancement of Jc over a wide angular-region.

Combined effect of flux pinning by three-directional columnar defects in a field-angular region of high-Tc superconductors

This research aims to investigate the domain structure of BaBiO3 (80:20), BaBiO3 (50:50), and BaBiO3 (30:70) thin films obtained by the polymeric precursor method. For better sample designations, the following codes were employed: (80:20) (BBO82), (50:50) (BBO55), and (30:70) (BBO37). The piezo-ferroelectric coupled behavior observed for barium bismuthates thin films was elucidated in terms of bismuth and oxygen vacancies as well as grain morphology, which can be controlled by stoichiometric changes (Ba/Bi ratios). The films crystallize in a rhombohedral BaBiO3 structure with an R-3R space group without any deleterious secondary phase. Additionally, the hysteretic strain, dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of BaBiO3 thin films are strongly dependent on the film texture. Sample BBO55 showed a distinguished preferred orientation along the (341) plane with a low associated coercive field (66.87 kV/cm), free of imprint and with no polarizations gap compared to samples BBO37 and BBO82. Sample BBO55 presented the highest piezoelectric (d33-eff ≈ 45.7 pm/V) and ferroelectric (Pr≈19.87 μC/cm2) responses. This behavior can be ascribed to a highly textured film, which generates less strain throughout the crystal lattice, facilitating the polarization switching mechanism and improving piezo/ferroelectricity. These findings are significant for developing novel, high-performance, lead-free piezoelectric materials to be applied in different electronic components such as magnetic field sensors, switches, actuators, and other types of memory devices. 

UNVEILING THE POLAR PROPERTIES ON Barium BISMUTHATE PEROVSKITE THIN FILMS WITH DISTINCT Ba/Bi RATIOS

Columnar defects (CDs) along a -axis were installed into an in-plane aligned a -axis-oriented $\text{YBa}_{2}\text{Cu}_{3}\text{O}_{y}$ film by using heavy-ion irradiation, in order to clarify the influence of CDs on flux pinning properties around B || ab . The critical current density J c at B || c significantly decreases after the irradiation, since the CDs act as a channel for flux creep along their length. The magnetic field dependence of J c at B || ab , on the other hand, is weakened by the introduction of CDs. This means that the CDs can trap flux lines at B || ab , whereas naturally growth defects working as effective ab -correlated PCs exist. The trapping angle of CDs along the a -axis is extremely narrow (∼5.8°) in comparison with CDs along the c -axis and is roughly coincides with other ab -correlated PCs. The small trapping angle of CDs along the a -axis is attributed to strong line tension energy of flux lines with elliptical core around B || ab .

Flux Pinning by Columnar Defects Along a -axis in a -axis Oriented YBCO Thin Films

Growth and Photo-response of (110) oriented BaBiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.svg"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> films on SrTiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.svg"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml

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Flux Pinning by Columnar Defects Along a -axis in a -axis Oriented YBCO Thin Films

Growth and Photo-response of (110) oriented BaBiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.svg"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> films on SrTiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.svg"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml