Nitrogen retention (Nret) and denitrification were studied in the mesotrophic Solina reservoir (south-east Poland) between spring and autumn in 2002 and 2003. Nret was calculated on the basis of the input-output mass balance. The rate of denitrification was measured using the 15N isotope pairing technique in two types of areas; in deep areas, where the bottom sediment makes contacts with the hypolimnion (Dprof), and in the unstratified shallows (Dlitt). The calculated daily load of removed nitrogen (Dtot) varied somewhat from 11.0 to 19.1 mg N m–2 day–1 with a standard deviation of 3.0 mg N m–2 day–1. The limited oscillation noted for Dtot results from the major participation of the deep areas of the reservoir, which are characterised by stable Dprof, as distinct from Dlitt, which varied seasonally from 5.8 mg N m–2 day–1 in November to 109.9 mg N m–2 day–1 in August. The primary factor limiting the denitrification rate was temperature, the other being availability of substrates, mainly organic matter. Nitrogen retention ranged seasonally between –25.0 and 175.9 mg N m–2 day–1. The contribution of denitrification to Nret ranged from 9.0% to 49.8% (mean 16.4%). On average, only 4.9% of the nitrogen external load was denitrified (range 2.6–7.9%, s.d. 1.5%). After comparing obtained data with others available in the literature, we concluded that reservoirs, estuaries and highly-loaded lakes in a river system experience a more limited contribution of Dtot to Nload than is the case in natural lakes.

The significance of denitrification in relation to external loading and nitrogen retention in a mountain reservoir

This investigation reports on weed-bed invertebrate abundance associated with the submersed macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L. in Lake Sakadas within Kopacki rit Nature Park (Croatia). Twenty five taxonomic groups, with the dominance of chironomids (79%), were recorded at three stations during the investigation from July 14 to September 8, 2004. Nematodes and large predatory larvae of Zygoptera with 6% were second in dominance, followed by oligochaetes with 5%. Weed-bed invertebrates on C. demersum were more abundant than on Myriophyllum spicatum L. due to different morphology of the host plants. Environmental parameters within C. demersum stands were found in the same range at all stations, but they changed during the season. They indicated eutrophy with the tendency to hypertrophy which is reflected by the composition of the weed-bed invertebrate community.

Interactions of weed-bed invertebrates and Ceratophyllum demersum stands in a floodplain lake.

The invertebrates associated with Myriophyllum spicatum L., were studied during the vegetation period in 2004, at three stations I, II and III, in lake Sakadaš within Kopački rit floodplain, Croatia. A total of twenty one taxa were recorded, with the dominance of the insect larvae representatives. Family Chironomidae had the greatest abundance and represented 67% of all recorded invertebrates, while as nematodes and oligochaetes were especially abundant at the third station. Significant differences in invertebrate abundances were recorded between months of sampling – July and August as well as July and September. Also, stations I and II showed statisticaly important differences in relation to station III, located near lake’s dam. Physicochemical data, including trophic state indices, as well as invertebrate community composition were indicative for eutrophic state of water with a tendency to hypertrophy at all stations in lake Sakadaš.

Invertebrates in Myriophyllum spicatum L. stands in lake Sakadaš, Croatia.

Zmiany stężeń związków azotu i fosforu w wodach zbiorników zaporowych Solina-Myczkowce w latach 1970-2005

Abstract Dams on rivers are known to facilitate the colonisation and spread of aquatic alien and native invasive species, but the actual mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Since the construction of the Solina Dam on the upper San River system in Poland, European perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) have expanded their distribution into the headwaters of this river system, becoming a native invader. In this study, we assessed the spread of perch in detail over time upstream of the Solina Reservoir, and used otolith trace element microchemistry to determine the spawning and larval rearing locations of perch in the catchment upstream of the dam. Extensive sampling over several years across the catchment upstream of the Solina Reservoir confirmed the widespread occurrence of perch into the headwaters of the tributary river systems, with smaller size classes dominating locations closer to the Solina Reservoir. Despite perch being widely distributed upstream of the Solina Reservoir, otolith microchemical analysis indicated the populations from various reservoir tributaries mostly shared the same spawning and larval rearing habitat, most likely the Solina Reservoir. Our results suggest that reservoirs can facilitate the colonisation of river systems by providing a critical habitat element that would be otherwise missing from riverine landscapes, i.e., an extensive and productive pelagic larval rearing environment. This research shows that the impacts of large dams can extend many kilometers upstream from the river reaches directly affected by the resulting impoundment. 

/pdf/reservoirs-facilitate-colonization-of-river-catchments-by-a-3rl5m2pr.pdf

Reservoirs facilitate colonization of river catchments by a native invasive fish through provision of pelagic larval rearing habitat

. The cascade of Solina/Myczkowce dam reservoirs situated in the West Carpathian Mts was investigated. The cascade consists of two reservoirs, the upper one built 35 yr ago on the San and Solinka Rivers of 2100 ha area separated from another one, of 190 ha area, with hypolimnion cold water supplied from the upper one. The offshore zone was investigated monthly (6 sites of upper, 3 sites of lower reservoir) using a tube bottom sampler. Besides numbers, biomass and biodiversity indices, the proportion of predators, plant/detritus-feeders and filter-feeders was assessed. In upper reservoir Solina, with a lack of filter-feeders, a clear preponderance of plant-detritus feeders was observed. Predators, consisting mostly of leeches and hydranchnellids were present. In lower reservoir Myczkowce, all three trophic classes were present in the first year of study in almost equal proportions and in 1998 with slight preponderance of plant/detritus feeders was observed. The Oligochaeta/Chironomidae index in both reservoirs was low, indicating low degree of eutrophication. Only one site in Solina reservoir (near a fish culture) and one in Myczkowce (influenced by tourist activity) showed a high value of this index.

/pdf/trophic-structure-of-the-benthic-invertebrate-community-in-l23b0jvyse.pdf

Trophic structure of the benthic invertebrate community in the littoral zone of a mountain cascade system

One of the actual problems in farming rabbits is a decrease of their resistance, that is often conditioned by the availability of eimeriosis pathogens, which is significantly widespread both in foreign countries and in Ukraine. A lot of researchers studied the particular qualities of the development of prothymeriosis immunity, the role of lymphocyte populations, and the antigenic composition at various stages of development of eimeria. The aim of the research was to study the influence of the association of pathogens Eimeria sрp. with different levels of invasion intensity on indicators of cellular immunity of rabbits. For the experiments, analogue groups of male rabbits of the Californian breed aged 3-5 months were selected. During scatological research, we have found that rabbits with eimeriosis had different levels of invasion intensity (II), according to which the animals were divided into three groups: I - low level of invasion intensity (II = 1838.89 ± 1114.68 oocysts in 1 g of feces), II - medium level (II = 39787.50 ± 13422.34 oocysts in 1 g of feces) and group III - high level (II = 88578.57 ± 17776.32 oocysts in 1 g of feces). In the blood of all rabbits with eimeriosis (association of the pathogens Eimeria magna, E. media, E. perforans, E. stiedae) there were leukocytosis, absolute lymphocytosis against the background of relative segmented neutropenia regardless of the intensity of invasion. At the same time, in the blood of animals of all experimental groups, in comparison with the control, the number of eosinophils was significantly (p <0.001) higher in absolute and percentage (p <0.05) values. The same pattern has been found for basophiles. The absolute number of T- and B-lymphocytes, T-helpers and T-active lymphocytes was significantly higher compared to a low percentage of O-lymphocytes. So, if sick rabbits have pathogens of Eimeria spp., the defense mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity with the participation of blood cells are activated. With an increase in the intensity of eimeriosis invasion in the blood of sick animals, the number of leukocytes, eosinophils and basophils increases against the background of a decrease in the percentage of segmented neutrophils. In the blood of rabbits with eimeriosis, a higher percentage of B-lymphocytes was noted, which had a weak positive correlation (r=0.28) with the level of invasion intensity, and a smaller number of O-lymphocytes.
Key words: eimeriosis, leukogram, T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, О-lymphocyte, T-helper, T-suppressor, T-active lymphocyte.

https://nvvm.btsau.edu.ua/sites/default/files/visnyky/vet/duda_1_2022.pdf

Factors of cell immunity under exposure to the Eimeria spp

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Trophic structure of the benthic invertebrate community in the littoral zone of a mountain cascade system

Factors of cell immunity under exposure to the Eimeria spp