What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

The rapid diffusion of "microblogging" services such as Twitter is ushering in a new era of possibilities for organizations to communicate with and engage their core stakeholders and the general public. To enhance understanding of the communicative functions microblogging serves for organizations, this study examines the Twitter utilization practices of the 100 largest nonprofit organizations in the United States. The analysis reveals there are three key functions of microblogging updates-"information," "community," and "action." Though the informational use of microblogging is extensive, nonprofit organizations are better at using Twitter to strategically engage their stakeholders via dialogic and community-building practices than they have been with traditional websites. The adoption of social media appears to have engendered new paradigms of public engagement. 
Keywords: microblogging; Twitter; social media; stakeholder relations; organizational communication; organization-public relations; nonprofit organizations

Information, Community, and Action: How Nonprofit Organizations Use Social Media

The rapid diffusion of “microblogging” services such as Twitter is ushering in a new era of possibilities for organizations to communicate with and engage their core stakeholders and the general public. To enhance understanding of the communicative functions microblogging serves for organizations, this study examines the Twitter utilization practices of the 100 largest nonprofit organizations in the United States. The analysis reveals there are three key functions of microblogging updates—“information,”“community,” and “action.” Though the informational use of microblogging is extensive, nonprofit organizations are better at using Twitter to strategically engage their stakeholders via dialogic and community-building practices than they have been with traditional websites. The adoption of social media appears to have engendered new paradigms of public engagement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

(Authors are listed in alphabetical order. The authors would like to thank Tom Feeley, Richard Waters, Seungahn Nah, I-hsuan Chiu, Yuchao Huang, and Kenton Anderson for helpful comments and suggestions.)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01576.x

Purpose: This paper aims to explore how digital technologies have forced small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to reconsider and experiment with their business models (BMs) and how this contributes to their innovativeness and performance. Design/methodology/approach: An empirical study has been conducted on 338 European SMEs actively using social media and big data to innovate their BMs. Four in-depth case studies of companies involved in BM innovation have also been carried out. Findings: Findings show that the use of social media and big data in BMI is mainly driven by strategic and innovation-related internal motives. External technology turbulence plays a role too. BMI driven by social media and big data has a positive impact on business performance. Analysis of the case studies shows that BM is driven by big data rather than by social media. Research limitations/implications: Research into big data- and social media-driven BMs needs more insight into how components are affected and how SMEs are experimenting with adjusting their BMs, specifically in terms of human and organizational factors. Practical implications: Findings of this study can be used by managers and top-level executives to better understand how firms experiment with BMI, what affects business model components and how implementation might affect BMI performance. Originality/value: This paper is one of the first research contributions to analyse the impact of digitalization, specifically the impact of social media and big data on a large number of European SMEs.

/pdf/the-impact-of-digitalization-on-business-models-1lm1r784en.pdf

The impact of digitalization on business models

Understanding user participation in online communities

In this study, nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in New Zealand were surveyed to explore influences on adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). We sought to extend existing research by considering ‘‘institutional’’ influences alongside organizationalandenvironmentalfeaturesandbyexamininghowinstitutionalforcesaffect optimal use of ICTs. Findings suggest that NPOs adopting and using ICTs tended to be self-perceived leaders or those who scanned the environment and emulated leaders and tendedtohaveorganizationaldecisionmakerswiththeexpertisetoenableadoptionanduse. Furthermore,optimalfit of ICTs tended to be spurred by institutional forcesif accompanied by self-perceived leadership and appropriate organizational resources. Implications for practice and theory are explored.

Institutional and Noninstitutional Influences on Information and Communication Technology Adoption and Use Among Nonprofit Organizations

Scholars continue to debate the social functions of YouTube as an online platform, some pointing to emergence of community [21] while others describing it as an asocial extension of a television screen [7] This paper argues for three types of participation online: passive, active and interactive Focusing on one particular YouTube site, the authors engage in a multi-method exploration of the content of communication (using thematic analysis) as well as interaction patterns (emerging through a network analytic perspective) Results show that viewers are largely passively consuming the video content, with few participants actively engaging, and even fewer interacting with others YouTube commenters are characterized as cyber-graffiti authors, broadcasting messages for the cyber-world at large Implications for community and affiliation networks are discussed

Writing on the Wall: An Online "Community" of YouTube Patrons as Communication Network or Cyber-Graffiti?

In this study we examine the relationship among supervisors' social support skills, employees' communication motives, and supervisor-subordinate relationship satisfaction. A network approach focuses on the relational tie between actors, as opposed to characteristics of the actors themselves. Using a sample of employees (N=222) from a wide range of occupations, we found that supervisors' emotional, informative, and instrumental social support skills are positively correlated with employees' communication motives of pleasure, affect, inclusion, and relaxation. While network studies suggest the need to navigate one's social web in order to acquire different types of support from different proximate alters, employees herein report attaining emotional, informative, and instrumental support from one singular tie: Their supervisor at work.

Communication Motives, Satisfaction, and Social Support in the Workplace: Are Supervisors Effective Support Sources in Employee Networks?

Institutional Influences on Information and Communication Technology Adoption and Use among Civil Society Organizations

While many theorists have argued that weak ties facilitate online social support, strong evidence within these communities clearly show that the distinction between weak ties and strong ties should be reexamined. After a short expose on tie strength and online social support, we give an example of how this research has operationalized weak ties only in terms of one of Granovetter's four basic components of tie strength: frequency of interaction. Furthermore, our analysis provides counterexamples against frequency of interaction as a predictor of relational closeness. While we portray past research as confounding weak and strong ties, we go on to provide examples of emerging online social support between ties that are obviously weak ties. Finally, our study points to future directions of research on online social support.

/pdf/the-emotional-strength-of-weak-ties-reevaluating-social-33js100xwa.pdf

The Emotional Strength of Weak Ties: Reevaluating Social Support Online

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