Experimental study on fracture initiation and propagation in shale using supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology is one of the pillars of the modern petroleum industry which converts the crude oil fractions into many commodity fuels and platform chemicals, such as...

Fluid catalytic cracking technology: current status and recent discoveries on catalyst contamination

Abstract The complete characteristics knowledge of clay minerals is necessary in the evaluation studies of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Ten samples taken from two wells in a heterogeneous clastic gas reservoir formation in NE Iran were selected to conduct the transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests for the clay mineralogy studies. The FTIR analysis showed that there were clear signs of clay minerals in all samples. The wavenumber region of the clay minerals in FTIR tests was detected to be 3621, 3432, 1034, and 515 cm −1 for illite, 3567, 3432, 1613, 1088, 990, 687, 651, and 515 cm −1 for magnesium-rich chlorite, 3700, 3621, 3432, 1034, 687, and 463 cm −1 for kaolinite, and 3567, 1088, 990, and 463 cm −1 for glauconite. After screening of samples by the FTIR method, the samples were then analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PXRD and SEM result showed illite was by far the most common clay present. Kaolinite, magnesium-rich chlorite, and traces of smectite and the mixed-layer clays of both the illite–smectite and chlorite-smectite types were also recognized. The combination of PXRD and WDXRF results could quantify the clay abundances in the each well too. It was concluded that the FTIR analysis successfully could show the absorption bonds of all constituent clays. However, the infrared absorption spectra of mixed-layer clays overlapped those of the respective constituents of each mixed-layer minerals. This can be considered as the evidence of the usefulness of FTIR technique in the screening of the samples for the clay mineralogy studies. 

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13202-021-01449-y.pdf

The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for the clay mineralogy studies in a clastic reservoir

Enrichment and distribution of shale oil in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Basin, Northeast China

A new rapid method for shale oil and shale gas assessment

Selecting samples for Mars sample return: Triage by pyrolysis–FTIR

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A new rapid method for shale oil and shale gas assessment

Selecting samples for Mars sample return: Triage by pyrolysis–FTIR