Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review

Cellulose is a fascinating and almost inexhaustible and sustainable natural polymeric raw material characterized by exciting properties such as hydrophilicity, chirality, biodegradability, broad chemical-modifying capacity, and the formation of different semicrystalline fiber morphologies. If cellulosics such as bacterial cellulose or strongly disintegrated wood cellulose are composed of nanosized fibers and the nanofiber structuring determines the product properties, these polymers are described as nanocelluloses. Because of the extraordinary supramolecular structure and exceptional product characteristics as high-molecular and high-crystalline cellulosics with a water content up to 99%, nanocelluloses require increasing attention. This review assembles the current knowledge in research, development, and application in the field of nanocelluloses through examples. The topics combine selected results on nanocelluloses from bacteria and wood as well as their use as technical membranes and composites with the first long-time study of cellulosics in the animal body for the development of medical devices such as artificial blood vessels, and the application of bacterial nanocellulose as animal wound dressings and cosmetic tissues.

Nanocelluloses as Innovative Polymers in Research and Application

The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines for the management of empyema.

Thymomas (Ts) and thymic carcinomas (TCs) are rare tumours of the mediastinum with an incidence rate of 1.7/million per year in Europe. Histological classification is based on rate of non-malignant-appearing thymic epithelial cells and proportions of lymphocytes (A, AB, B1, B2, B3, and C), while staging system concerns localisation of the involved areas. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment with a 10-year survival of 80%, 78%, 75%, and 42% for stages I, II, III and IV, respectively, with an R0 resection. Radiotherapy has a role in selected cases (stage III patients or R1-2 residual) and platinum-based chemotherapy remains the standard of care for patients with advanced disease. A multimodality approach would be advisable when surgery is not recommended. Since molecular aberrations are poorly understood and few responses are reported, targeted therapies are yet being studied. In this review, we describe key aspects of clinical management for Ts and TCs.

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Thymoma and thymic carcinomas

Thymoma: a focus on current therapeutic management.

Evaluation of a bronchial anastomosis by laser Doppler velocimetry.

Prognostic factors after complete resection of pN2 non–small cell lung cancer

Comparative in vivo study on the healing qualities of four different presealed vascular prostheses.

Intracapsular enucleation of vagus nerve-originated tumors for preservation of neural function.

Left lung autotransplantation was performed in mongrel dogs to examine the limitation of tolerance of the deflated lung against warm ischemia in a warm ischemic time (WIT) range of 60–360 minutes. The animals were divided into the 4 following groups according to the duration of WIT and the use of heparin: Group 1; WIT 60–120 min., heparin (−), Group 2; WIT 120–240 min., heparin (+), Group 3; WIT 240–360 min., heparin (+), and Group 4; WIT 240–360 min., heparin (−). All the Group 1 animals tolerated a right pulmonary artery ligation on the 6th postoperative day, but some of the Group 2 animals died immediately after the reimplantation due to pulmonary edema. All the Groups 3 and 4 animals died. The PaO2 values during the right pulmonary artery occlusion, immediately after the reimplantation, correlated well with the survival of the animals. The maximum tolerable WIT of the deflated dog lung was considered to be 120 minutes.

An evaluation of the tolerance of the autotransplanted canine lung against warm ischemia.

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